Resolving Contradictions

Video–How to Properly Formulate a Contradiction

Video–The Problem with Compromise

Video–Resolving Contradictions

Video–Where Contradictions Fit in the Design Hierarchy

Updated 11/18/2019

Acknowledgements

This book is the work of a collaborative group.

Contributors
Larry Ball (Primary Author)
David Troness
Kartik Ariyur
Jason Huang
Steve Hickman
Petr Krupansky
Larry Miller

Editors
Erika Ball
Larry Ball
David Troness
Paul Dwyer
Robert Lang

Illustrators
Larry Ball
David Troness

Other Authors, Theoreticians, Practitioners Whose Writings or Teachings have Impacted This Work
Genrich Altshuller
Ellen Domb
Roni Horowitz
John Terninko
Alla Zusman
Boris Zlotin
Lev Shulyak
Yuri Salamatov
Victor Fey
Eugene Rivin
Darrell Mann
Sergei Ikovenko
Simon Litvin
Peter Ulan
Lane Desborough
Clayton Christensen
Renee Mauborgne
Kim Chan

Where the Material Comes From

This book takes a lot from the ideas of the thought leaders we’ve mentioned. At first, we aimed to summarize their insights, but this also allowed us to include other experimental methods. Summarizing helped us find patterns among similar tools. Once we identified these, we could group tools based on key decisions. These decisions provide information that guides future choices. Throughout this process, we noticed trends and gaps, leading us to add experimental methods to address those gaps. The effectiveness of these methods is based on whether they help readers recognize product or process features that will attract the market.

Introduction (PLEASE READ) to Resolving Contradictions

The skill of resolving contradictions is one of the most useful and fundamental aspects of TRIZ because it greatly expands the solution space for the problem solver. It allows us to improve offering features without making other features worse. At the heart of most contradictions is an attribute or variable that must have two different levels to satisfy all requirements.

“Knob” and “Setting” Nomenclature
In this text, we will use the word “knob” extensively to mean variables or attributes. These can be input or output variables. To describe the level of the attribute or variable, we will use the word “setting”. So, we have knobs and knob settings. For instance, let us consider a vehicle that needs to have a small volume in order to create low drag and a large volume to carry lots of cargo. This appears to be physically impossible, yet we will try very hard to make this happen. The knob (volume) must have settings (small and large).

Common Approaches for Dealing with Contradictions
There are several approaches to dealing with contradictions:

1) Discount one or both of the conflicting properties.
This is a common approach used in theological, political, negotiation or historical settings. This approach can be referred to as the “ostrich burying its head” approach or throwing the hand grenade back over the wall. Either we do not face the problem or we force someone else to deal with the problem. In the case of the vehicle we would either deny that the drag existed or we would deny that the volume was too small. As mentioned, this approach is less common in the world of physics, but it can happen in many other fields. For this text, we will not discount either conflicting property as invalid; but rather assume that we are only dealing with situations where the requirements for both properties are valid because we have thoroughly analyzed the situation.

2) Compromise somewhere between both conflicting properties.
This is a standard approach taught in most engineering schools and widely adopted throughout industry for resolving problems of all genres. The compromise “solution” for the vehicle would be to make the volume larger but not “too large”. The problem with this thinking is that we now guarantee risk. If we are building the vehicle for public sale, we may find that the cost of operation is too high for some customers and the volume too low for others. In order to perform an artful compromise a lot of data needs to be collected and models built. This can be time consuming. In addition, it is likely that this risky situation will be perpetuated in future generations. Due to these drawbacks, we will not be applying this approach in this text.

3) Deliver both properties to the required degree by resolving the contradiction.
This is an unusual approach that can apply to problems of all types. In the case of the vehicle, we will attempt to make the volume large and small. When we learn how to resolve contradictions, we will find that there are a lot more knobs that we can consider turning to solve problems. This skill is liberating to problem solvers who find that the solution space is much larger than they supposed.

4) Allow improvement by turning one knob and then compensate for what gets worse by turning another knob.
This is also a valid approach which we will call “compensation”. This approach can also be a very powerful method for resolving contradictions. We will make the volume large but somehow find another knob to turn to decrease the vehicle drag. Once again, this method can solve a problem with a solution that will last a long time and can provide very surprising solutions.

A Review of How we Form Contradictions
One very good place to look for contradictions is in performing causal analysis. You will find the information for causal analysis in the eBook- Discovering Cause. However, it is not absolutely necessary to do a complete causal analysis to come to a contradiction. All we need is a good idea of what causes a problem. What we need are the input variables and their levels that cause the problem. In other words, we need the input knobs and their settings.

Let us consider the situation of a common garden rake. When the rake is used to collect loose debris such as rocks and loose weeds over an uneven surface, a problem arises: The rake “leaks” some of the debris that is to be collected under the tines and several strokes are required to fully collect the debris. The dependent variable that we want to improve is “Debris Leakage”. In order to start thinking this way, lets ask the starting question in three equivalent ways:

—What is the debris leakage a function of?

—What are the independent variables and their levels.

—What are the input knobs and settings?

If we think of this in functional form, we write:

Debris Leakage = f (Tine Flexibility, Ground Stiffness, Tine Spacing…)

We can also use the nomenclature used in causal analysis which shows boxes containing knobs and settings (independent variables and levels) connected by arrows showing the direction of causality and all leading to the output knob (dependent variable and its disagreeable level Debris Leakage is Excessive). This diagram means that stiff tine flexibility causes excessive debris leakage. Irregular ground shape causes excessive debris leakage. And, wide tine spacing causes excessive debris leakage.

(Note that we are not considering all of the possible independent variables). This can also be shown pictorially with a causal analysis diagram. (We are not showing functions at this point but only the object attributes or knobs.)

Now, let us improve the situation by turning one of the knobs: Tine Flexibility. (We show this by creating another box with the conflicting knob setting). Flexible tines follow the contour of the earth and collect much more effectively.

Unfortunately, other things get worse. It is more difficult to extract embedded debris from the soil and to move soil around (other functions of the rake). This difficulty can be represented by the following diagram. (For the sake of simplicity we are only considering debris extraction).

The contradiction can now be stated: “The rake tines need to be flexible in order to collect and they need to be rigid in order to extract embedded debris from the ground”. Had we chosen to decrease Tine Spacing, as shown below, we would have found that the rake now collects too much useful small debris (mulch) that would ordinarily be left behind.

Thus we see that the contradiction that we will consider depends upon which knob we try to turn to fix the problem. In the first case, we chose tine flexibility and got one contradiction. In the second case, we chose tine spacing and got another.

Conditions where it is More Difficult to State a Contradiction
A properly stated contradiction may not include something that gets worse. Suppose that we had chosen the ground shape as the knob to turn. In this case it would be clumsy and artificial to identify something that gets worse if we make the ground flat. Instead it is better to conclude that the ground shape comes in many different “flavors” other than flat.

The full contradiction can be stated, “in order to improve Debris Leakage, the Ground Shape needs to be flat, but since the ground shape comes in many different forms, it needs to be Irregular”. Many contradictions arise because a knob only comes in one “flavor”. While this fact does not stop us from resolving the contradiction, it does serve to show that it is not always practical to state something else that becomes worse.

A second example of a contradiction, which does not include something else getting worse, is when we try to turn an “outcome knob” without consideration for the inputs. In other words, we want to improve a dependent variable without regard for the independent variables or knobs that cause the problem. The contradiction can be stated “the Debris Leakage must be excessive because the ground is irregular, the tine spacing is wide and the ground is irregularly shaped. The Debris Leakage must be minimal because that is what we want to improve”. “The Debris Leakage must be excessive and minimal”. To the untrained eye, contradictions involving output knobs seem like unlikely candidates to try to resolve. In fact, it is sometimes possible to resolve these contradictions with very satisfying solutions.

In summary, contradictions come in various forms. Some are unexpected yet crucial and can lead to creative solutions when framed correctly.

The Pile Driving Example
Consider driving piles offshore for supporting structures like restaurants and shops. The process is challenging due to the expensive equipment required and the length of time needed. There are several factors that can be adjusted to speed up pile driving. (See TRIZ Power Tools–Discovering Cause for examples). To illustrate resolving contradictions, we will look at the sharpness of the pile. Experience shows that a sharper pile will penetrate more quickly than a dull one. However, the weight of the structures on the piles will drive them deeper during an earthquake. Thus, the pile needs to be sharp to drive quickly and blunt to avoid sinking during an earthquake. This example is useful because it shows many potential solutions. We will use this pile driving example extensively throughout the text.

Why not use the Contradiction Matrix?
In the early days of TRIZ, Genrich Altshuller created a Contradiction Matrix to assist problem solvers in addressing contradictions. This matrix, developed through careful analysis of “strong” patents, outlined effective methods for resolving tough contradictions and categorized them into 40 Inventive Principles. By identifying the type of problem solved and how often each principle was used, a table was created demonstrating the best techniques for contradiction resolution. To use the table, one selects a variable to improve on one axis and then finds the conflicting variable on the second axis. The intersection yields the most frequently used principles for that contradiction.

Debate exists regarding the necessity of the Contradiction Matrix. Its dedicated users can often identify successful solutions achieved through its use, demonstrating its effectiveness, which is a notable improvement over typical brainstorming methods. It’s straightforward and compact, making users feel creative. Conversely, many TRIZ experts prefer utilizing Separation Principles instead.

To be clear, this text will not utilize the Contradiction Matrix. The primary reason for this choice is that Separation Principles enhance solution visualization. To illustrate this importance, consider what would happen if we relied on the Contradiction Matrix for the pile driving scenario. If I seek to increase the driving speed without compromising support, the Matrix might suggest employing the principle of Local Quality[1] (non-uniform in space). Should I apply this to the pile driver, the ground, or the pile itself? After choosing which object to focus on, I’m left needing to decide what feature to make non-uniform. The problem solver must make choices, which may restrict options, especially if limited by prior considerations.

Now, let’s explore the use of Separation Principles. First, we establish a well-defined contradiction: the pile must be sharp to drive easily, yet blunt to provide strong support. Here, we’ve identified both the object (the pile) and the attribute (tip shape). Separation Principles offer various methods to resolve this contradiction. If we choose the principle of Separation in Space along with the sub-principle of “Non-Uniform,” we can visualize a single pile that is sharp at the tip and blunt higher up. For instance, the tip can be sharp with a blunt feature further up the pile. Visualizing a solution is easier when we make the problem tougher by demanding extreme characteristics of “sharp” and “blunt.”

New Separation Principles
Several new categories of Separation Principles are introduced that are distinct from Separation in Space, Separation in Time, and Separation between Parts and Whole. (These three are the main separation principles used in standard TRIZ).

Separate Gradually. Some scenarios lack a definitive moment when an object has different properties. These properties can gradually evolve until the complete change is achieved.

Separation by Direction: at the same time and place, a sheet of metal can be flexible in one direction and rigid in another.

Separation by Perspective: distinct viewpoints can cause separation. An item may appear small but look large under a microscope.

Separation by Frame of Reference: separation occurs due to different reference frames for conflicting properties. At the same time and space, an element can follow either a curved or straight path, based on the frame of reference.

Separation by Response of Fields: at the same time and in the same place, glass can be clear to visible light while opaque to infrared light.

Separation between Substance and Field: at the same moment and in the same location, the coils of a motor can remain stationary while its field moves.

The author believes there may be additional groups distinct from time, space, and the separation between parts and the whole.

When it is Difficult to use a Separation Principle
If using a separation principle proves challenging, do not give up too easily. The author has found that some additional thought can lead to significant changes. Remember, each separation principle is a general model solution requiring the development of a specific application. Carefully read and understand the instructions, diagrams, and examples associated with each method.

A highly effective tool is the A and B diagrams shown at the beginning of each method. Insert the conflicting terms for the A and B symbols to aid in visualizing the model solution.

There are often two ways that the diagrams can be written; try both ways as shown. An example from Separation in Time is shown above.

It is common that a problem solver may become confused when trying to apply the A & B diagrams. One way around this problem is to simply brainstorm a variety of objects that use the method and have the contradictory properties regardless of whether they resolve the specific contradiction. This line of reasoning will sometimes clear the path to using the method. For example, suppose that I need an element to be flexible and stiff. One suggestion from separation in time is that the object be its own natural flexible self and then the flexible object is attached to a stiff carrier, making the object effectively stiff. (The diagram for this is shown above). Draw any flexible object as a blob and then draw a second instance of this same blob attached to a stiff blob. These objects can then be morphed into the existing objects to resolve the contradiction.

Recursive Improvement
Once we have solutions to the contradiction, the final stage of this step asks us to check whether our goals have been met. Are there any major risks or disadvantages left? Have we met the specification which we have made to satisfy our market? If we have not, then we must loop back and continue to improve the product or process. If we have met the goals, then it is time to move on to the next solution possibility. If we can find no solution to the contradiction, then we may pick another object attribute to idealize.

Law of Non-Uniform System Development
Before leaving this introduction, it is worthy of note that system development is largely regulated by the resolution of contradictions. Systems do not improve in a pretty manner. There is constant tension between development of one part and another. One would think that a given product, over time, would have a much smoother development in which each part of the system becomes better and better. This was not meant to be. We refer to this as the law of non-uniform system development which states that:
—System parts are improved in “fits and spurts”
—When one part is improved, other parts may be harmed.
—System improvement is slowed by increasing conflicts.
—When one part improves, other parts may appear worse by comparison.
—The system takes on Subsystem improvements and Effects

To illustrate this, let us take a jet engine. One way to make a jet engine more efficient is to increase the temperature of the combusted gases before these gases enter the turbine part of the engine. This generally necessitates that many sub-components on the engine become hotter. The increased temperature accelerates the degradation of many subsystem components such as electric motors, electronics, seals, guides and bearings. Consequently, there is a constant struggle between increasing the efficiency of the jet engine and the reliability of its subsystems. We can see from this example that a jet engine is fertile ground for contradictions. Removing these contradictions will free up more resources for further system evolution.

Pick and Clarify High Impact Contradictions

Method

Step 1: Consider which knobs might have a greater impact. (This insight can be derived from a cause-effect diagram outlined in Discovering Cause). These knob settings could lead to significant contradictions. Pay particular attention to object attributes (knobs) that may cause multiple alternate problems (kingpins).

Step 2: Choose one knob and its setting to focus on. Warning: Do not shy away from or overlook the challenging knobs to turn.

Step 3: Consider the knob setting that eliminates the main problem (Y1). This knob setting may not be the most extreme value possible, but it should be sufficiently distinct so that the problem will be resolved for some time.

Step 4: Identify what deteriorates (Y2).

Step 5: To avoid the resulting problem, the knob setting must be adjusted to another setting. This knob setting may not be the most extreme value possible, but should be sufficiently different to resolve the new problem for an extended period.

Step 6: Formulate the Contradiction:

In order to achieve (Y1 improvement), the (element) (knob or attribute) must be set to (setting A)

In order to achieve (Y2 improvement), the (element) (knob or attribute) must be set to (setting B)

Explanation

These are factors that significantly affect the primary issue. With a causal analysis diagram in front of us (from the book Discovering Cause), we can observe the impact of individual factors. It is advisable to study the diagram carefully before deciding which contradictions to concentrate on.

Choosing Hard-To-Turn Factors
Many high-impact factors lie on the main paths that lead to the issue, but some of these factors may not appear to be good candidates to address. In the TRIZ Power Tools book–Discovering Cause, we explore a laboratory scenario where acid cubes are tested for corrosion by placing them in a container of acid. The issue is that

The acid container is quite expensive and needs to be replaced due to corrosion. We want to minimize the cost of changing out the container. The cause-effect diagram illustrates a high-impact knob setting: the “cost of replacement is high.” For most individuals, this knob may not be considered because the expense itself seems to be an “outcome” instead of an independent variable. However, note that it is still a high-impact knob. The implied contradiction is, “The cost of replacement is high because we are not addressing the factors that contribute to it being high, and the cost of replacement must be low because I wish to avoid this expense.” Observe that nothing worsens, yet the cost of replacement must be both high and low. This is a valid contradiction. The solution to this contradiction could lead to intriguing options that may not have been considered otherwise.

Most causal analysis diagrams will include many of these implied contradictions. Here is a warning: high-impact implied contradictions can often be overlooked or marginalized. This happens because most people tend to avoid adjusting these knobs. This tendency diminishes with experience in resolving such contradictions.

Kingpins
Some knobs are especially important “kingpins.” You can identify them because multiple alternative solution paths converge at one double box. An example form is shown below.

One contradiction is highlighted. The resolution of this contradiction addresses four problems shown at the bottom of the diagram. Adjusting other knobs will likely resolve fewer issues.

Combinations of Knobs
In general, it is preferable to identify individual knobs that can be turned sufficiently to solve the problem. Usually, there are enough knobs available to work with. If no single knob can be identified, this indicates that we may be nearing the limits of system resources and need to evolve the system towards a new physical phenomenon to enhance its performance further. If multiple knobs need to be adjusted, it may be necessary to resolve multiple contradictions. Through analysis, we can determine which knobs should be turned simultaneously to solve the problem.

Writing the Contradiction
Once we have selected the contradiction we wish to work on, we want to express it in a phrase that is easier to understand:

To achieve (Y1 improvement), the (element) (knob or attribute) must be set to (setting A).

To achieve (Y2 improvement), the (element) (knob or attribute) must be set to (setting B).

Thus, we can see that the knob setting must be A and B.

We go to this effort for a couple of reasons. For one, it is easy to become confused during the resolution of the contradiction about what the element is, and sometimes the problem solver forgets which knob and setting they are focused on.

Example—Pile Driving

Step 1: Consider which knobs might have a greater impact. (This can stem from a cause-effect diagram described in Discovering Cause). These knob settings could lead to significant impact contradictions. Especially consider object attributes (knobs) that cause multiple alternate problems (kingpins).

In this case, there are numerous knobs that control the driving speed of the pile. Several are mentioned below.

Step 2: Choose one knob and its setting to focus on. Warning: Do not shy away from or ignore the difficult knobs to turn.

In this case, we will focus on tip sharpness. We could have chosen one of the others, but we always know that if we encounter too many challenges, we can revert to one of the other knobs.

Step 3: Consider the condition in which the main problem is resolved. This condition may not be the most extreme value possible, but it should be sufficiently different so that the problem is alleviated for some time to come.

In our case, we have chosen tip sharpness as the attribute we want to change. To improve driving speed, the tip must be exceptionally sharp. (Note that this step repeats what we have already done while forming the diagram. We are now focusing on the implied and explicit contradictions we have previously established.)

Step 4: Identify what gets worse (Y2).

Supporting the buildings atop the piles during an earthquake is what worsens.

Step 5: To avoid the resulting problem, the knob setting must be adjusted to a different position. This knob setting may not be the most extreme value possible, but should be sufficiently different so that the new problem is mitigated for some time.

The pile should be blunt to prevent inadequate support under an earthquake load.

Step 6: Form the Contradiction.

In order to (drive fast), the (pile) (tip shape) must be (sharp).

In order to (support well), the (pile) (tip shape) must be (blunt).

Thus, the pile must be both sharp and blunt.

Separate in Time

Explanation of Separation in Time

With Separation in Time [16] we allow for the knob setting to be at one setting at one point in time and the conflicting setting at another point in time. This separation principle is one of the most intuitive. There are also many tools available for separating in time. This allows us to address a contradiction as long as Separation in Time is permitted.

Unfortunately, it is not always possible to separate in time. The conditions under which both knob settings must occur are not permitted to overlap in time. If they must overlap, then we cannot separate in time. (However, we will make provisions for finding ways to avoid overlap).

Additionally, there are often inherent drawbacks to separation in time. Changing properties may require the addition of functions and their accompanying elements. This can add complexity to the product or service. An exception to this is if the separation can occur “on condition” without the addition of parts. To overcome these objections, the substance or function must be introduced in a way that requires the least resources. For instance, an existing substance or object provides the required function, or the substance comes from the temporary addition of material. For this reason, we include the step of simplification at the end of separation in time.

Why Start with Separation in Time?
The flow logic begins with Separation in Time because it contains the largest number of opportunities for solutions. If the flow logic indicates that it cannot be utilized, then we have eliminated a large number of methods and can move on. After finishing each section, proceed to the next, unless the flow logic advises otherwise.

The subject of the contradiction may be an object, field, or action. These are referred to as the “Element.”

Test for Separation in Time

Test

I want the (element) to be (setting A) while (condition A). I want the (element) to be (setting B) while (condition B). Must the critical conditions overlap in time? If they must overlap, then you should go to Separate Gradually.

Explanation

With so many ways to resolve contradictions, it is necessary to focus the problem solver on which methods might be appropriate or even possible. Each separation principle uses a test that guides the user by asking questions about the objects, fields, or actions involved in the contradiction. Learning to thoughtfully answer these questions is an essential skill.

If there really is a requirement for both properties, then we ask if the conditions under which they are required must occur at the same time. An example of this is measuring the temperature of weevils. For those unacquainted with this classic TRIZ example, there is a need to measure the temperature of weevils with a simple apparatus, such as a common thermometer. The size of the weevil is the problem. The weevil must be large enough to insert the thermometer. Let’s ask the question we did before: must we ensure that the weevil is both large and small? While weevils do not come in this size, let’s assume that by using some bizarre physical phenomenon, we could make them large; does this cause a problem? Yes, the metabolism of the weevil would change if it were larger. In other words, we must ensure that the weevil is large enough to insert the thermometer, and the weevil must be small in order to maintain the same metabolism. The answer to the next question helps us further.

When are the conditions that both properties must occur?

It must be (prop #1) while (condition A)

It must be (property #2) while (condition B)

Weevil Example:

It must be (large) while (measuring the temperature)

It must be (small) while (always being a weevil)

May these critical conditions be separate (not overlapping) in time? The answer is “no”; they must overlap in time. Therefore, it is not possible to separate in time.

There are usually critical moments in time when one property or the other must exist. If these critical moments overlap in time, it is not possible to separate the contradictory properties. Let us take the example of driving piles into the ground. If we are interested in driving fast, we may choose to make the pile sharp. However, something gets worse. Because the tip is sharp, we need to drive it further to get the same vertical support. In this case, we have requirements for the pile to be sharp and blunt. We need it to be sharp for driving quickly and blunt for support. In answer to the above question, we could write:

It must be (sharp) when (driving)

It must be (blunt) when (supporting)

Both properties must be ensured. Now, we ask if these conditions must occur at the same time:

May these critical conditions be separate (not overlapping) in time?

Clearly, the critical conditions of driving and supporting may be separated in time. Therefore, it makes sense to separate in time. During the driving process, the piles are sharp. Some time afterward, the piles must be blunt for supporting. By using the logic flows provided in each section, the problem solver can confidently use or skip each Separation Principle.

While separation in time is one of the primary tools for resolving contradictions, it may not be possible or necessary. If this is the case, then we can bypass this step and save ourselves a lot of work. In certain instances, separation in time may not be possible. We can tell that it is not possible if the conditions that each conflicting attribute is essential (useful and necessary) overlap in time. If the conditions clearly do not overlap, then we can safely proceed with separation in time.

Be careful to explore various ways that the critical conditions can be separated in time. Sometimes the conditions are actions that can be broken into steps which have a sequence. It may be possible to rearrange the sequence such that the conditions do not overlap.

Example—Pile Driving

We would like the pile to be SHARP in order to drive it more rapidly and BLUNT in order to support well.

Test: I want the (pile) to be (sharp) while (driving). I want the (pile) to be (blunt) while (supporting). Must the critical conditions overlap in time?

This is a clear example of a contradiction where the conditions of driving and supporting are separated by potentially large spans of time. This is a suitable candidate for Separation in Time.

Example—The Farmer’s Mush

Test: I want the (cooked cereal) to be (prepared) while (sometime before the farmer eats). I want the (cooked cereal) to be (not prepared) while (the farmer’s wife is sleeping). Must the critical conditions overlap in time?

Since the preparation of the cereal is an action or function, we know that it is possible to break this action down into steps that can be sequenced to ensure that no overlap between the conditions occurs.

We simply need to ensure that cereal preparation does not take place while the farmer’s wife wants to sleep. This contradiction provides a good opportunity for Separation in Time and, in particular, for using Prior Action[20].

Example—Long Distance Swimming

To train for long swims, it is essential to have plenty of water so the swimmer does not need to make many turns. However, there must be limited water to conserve space.

Test: I want the (water) to be (much) while (swimming). I want the (water) to be (little) while (all the time). Must the critical conditions overlap in time?

Overlap occurs between “swimming” and “all the time.” We will proceed to Separate Gradually.

Example—Traffic Light

Test: I want the (operation) to be (failed) while (never). I want the (operation) to be (not failed) while (operating in traffic). Must the critical conditions overlap in time?

“Never” and “operating in traffic” do not overlap in time. Since the operation of the light bulb is an action, this makes one of the action principles a suitable candidate for resolving this contradiction. Note that many of the methods will not apply because they aim to ensure that the unwanted setting is achieved.

Example—Controlled Explosions

Test: I want the (plug) to be (intimately contacting) while (making contact with the leads). I want the (plug contact) to be (nonexistent) while (falling). Must the critical conditions (making contact with the leads and falling) overlap in time?

It seems that these conditions overlap in time since the plugs never stop falling. It is concluded that we should Separate Gradually.

Example—Super Yacht

Test: I want the (construction) to be (in the dock) while (the ship parts are small enough to fit in the dock). I want the (construction) to be (in the harbor) while (the ship parts are too large for the dock). Must the critical conditions overlap in time?

Since the construction of the ship is an action or function, we know that it can be broken down into steps that can be sequenced differently to ensure that no overlap occurs. Additionally, the way we formed the conditions renders them mutually exclusive in time. This makes this contradiction a good opportunity for Separation in Time, particularly to use Prior Action.

Example—Fish to the Rescue

Test: I want the (fish) to have (normal endurance) while (not being chased). I want the (fish) to have (infinite endurance) while (being pursued). Must the critical conditions overlap in time?

“Never” and “while being chased” do not occur simultaneously. Therefore, we will try to separate them in time. Some of the methods may seem weak because they aim to ensure a low endurance condition, which is not essential.

Practice—Radiation Treatment

Practice—The Lesser Weevil

Practice—A Post and an Outpost

Practice—I Just Can’t Stop

Method: Prior Action

Method

The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. The modification of the product can be broken down into steps. The steps of the actions performed during Condition A are executed in Condition A by the method or previously placed tool to achieve Setting A. The remaining steps of the actions are performed during Condition B to achieve Setting B.

Explanation

Prior action[21] is only utilized for contradictions related to functions or actions. Prior action does not imply that we simply carry out “something” before a critical event. Consider that nearly every separation principle mandates that something be accomplished in advance. What makes Prior Action distinct from other separation methods? This principle is termed “prior action” because some action associated with the problem occurs before the typical occurrence, not because we take an action before the solution is realized.

One reason contradictions occur with actions and functions is that we mentally confine ourselves to the notion that an action is something that happens instantaneously. When we say, “we cook the egg,” we often overlook all the sub-actions that take place. We oil the pan, heat the pan, retrieve the egg from the refrigerator, crack the egg, etc. In fact, all actions can be dissected into sub-actions or steps, which can be rearranged in terms of sequence and timing. We can even insert other actions into the sequence. Some of these phases (or parts of each) should be transitioned into condition A, while the others should occur during condition B. The redistribution of these sub-actions resolves the contradiction.

We must find a way to decompose the action into stages and then execute these stages when they are optimally suited to resolve the contradiction. Primarily, we want to initiate the necessary actions before they are actually required.

One effective method for executing an action in advance is to position a tool for the purpose of performing an action later. This denotes half a step that might typically have been taken. The tool is placed to facilitate an action, and then the full action is performed at a later time.

Common Example—Paper Towel Dispensing

In a public restroom, individuals need to dry their hands after washing them. We are quite familiar with paper towels that are perforated, but imagine what it would be like without the perforations. The act of cutting the towel would require some time to avoid creating a mess. It is necessary to TEAR the used portion of the paper towel for disposal. However, picture attempting to tear off a piece of the paper towel with wet hands. We must NOT TEAR in order to save time and prevent making a mess for the next person.

The contradiction attribute pertains to an action or function. (Tearing) of the (towel) can be dissected into steps. The step(s) of (holding and tearing) are performed (any time before use) by (mechanical holding and tearing) to achieve (tearing). The remaining step(s) of (pulling the towel) are executed during (towel use) to achieve (not tearing).

Part of the action is executed when it is needed (pulling). A part is not performed when it is needed; it is executed beforehand (holding and cutting). The towel is both torn and not torn.

Example—Removing a Plaster Cast Following Healing

Plaster casts can be somewhat challenging to remove. Inserting tools between the skin and the cast can be uncomfortable for the patient. The cast needs to be CUT to ensure healing and for hygiene reasons, but it should NOT BE CUT unnecessarily to maintain the patient’s comfort.

The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. (Removing) the (cast) can be broken down into steps. The steps of (inserting the cutting tool) are performed during (the formation of the cast) by (the cutting tool in the straw) to achieve (not cutting). The remaining steps of (cutting and removing the cast) are carried out during (final cast removal) to achieve (cutting).

Part of the action is performed at the time it is needed (cutting and prying). Part is not performed when required; it is done earlier (inserting the cutting tool). Cutting is performed and not performed.

Manufacturing Example—Rapid Setup

Manufacturers have recognized that once a numerically controlled machine is set up, it can produce many parts inexpensively. The cost arises when the machine is initially prepared for production. Setting up the machine can be very slow and tedious. Failing to set it up adds this cost to the expense of manufacturing the parts, making the manufacturer less competitive.

The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. The setup of the machined part can be broken down into steps. The step(s) of adjusting are performed during other machining operations by using a rapid-setup mount to facilitate the setup. The remaining step(s) of inserting the mount into the machine are performed during machining time to achieve the goal of not setting up.

Part of the action is performed when it is needed (performing the machining). Some actions are not performed when required; they occur earlier (setting up the machine). The action is thus both performed and not performed. This is known as Rapid Setup and is a common tool used to streamline a process.

Chemical Example—Self-Cleaning Oven

Self-cleaning ovens achieve their objective by requiring the operator to lock the oven and then heat it to a significantly higher temperature than normal. While this is somewhat easier than cleaning manually, the process is energy inefficient. The act of heating (cleaning) must be EXECUTED and NOT AVOIDED.

The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. The removal of the oven residue can be broken down into steps. The steps of decomposing the residue are performed during normal cooking by using catalysts in order to avoid performing the heavy work. The remaining steps of wiping the surfaces are executed during an empty and cool oven to ensure they are completed.

Administrative Example—Adult Training

The startup of a new facility can be challenging when conducted in offshore situations. Many new procedures must be learned by a large number of people. Training is essential so that the new procedures will be executed flawlessly; otherwise, the product may acquire a bad reputation. Not training is necessary to save money.

The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. (Training) of the (employees) can be broken down into steps. The step(s) of (presentation-type learning—the least time-consuming) are performed during (the construction of the plant) by (trained instructors) to facilitate (training).

The remaining step(s) of (applying the training—the most time-consuming) are performed during (actual work) to enable (not training—paid to work).

Software Example—Calculating

Long and abstract equations are often necessary for control functions. These calculations can be very time-consuming and reduce the throughput of a microprocessor. It is essential to CALCULATE in order to provide control, and it is equally necessary to NOT CALCULATE to free up the processor for other functions.

(The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. Manipulation—calculation) of the (data) can be broken down into steps. The step(s) of (calculation) are performed during (the construction of the algorithm) by (lookup table) to facilitate (calculation).

The remaining step(s) of (fetching the data) are executed during (calculation) in order to achieve (not calculate).

Software Example—Pre-Ordered Index

To find data, a search is indicated. It is necessary to SEARCH to uncover the data, and it is necessary to NOT SEARCH to save time.

(The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. Searching for (data) can be broken down into steps. The step(s) of (finding a region of data) are performed during (time when other calculations are not being conducted) by (pre-searching the data) to enable (search).

The remaining step(s) of (pointing directly to or fetching the data) are accomplished during (calculation) in order to achieve (not search).

Software Example—Caching

Fetching data from disk or physical memory can be time-consuming when a large amount of data needs to be retrieved. The data must be FETCHED to perform calculations, and it must NOT BE FETCHED to reduce the overall time taken for the calculations.

The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. (Fetching) of the (data) can be broken down into steps. The step(s) of (fetching from the disk) are executed during (other related manipulations) by (reading from the disk and storing in separate memory) to enable (not fetching). The remaining step(s) of (clocking the data into the CPU) are performed during (the use of the data) to facilitate (fetching).

Load something ahead of time into cache memory. It remains there until required. This involves pre-fetching instructions and any static data associated with them. Caching memory is significantly faster than physical memory. It is likewise much quicker than retrieving instructions and static data from disk.

Practice—The Farmer’s Mush

Method: Partial Action

Method

The contradiction attribute pertains to an action or function. The modification of the product of the function is partially completed during condition A by the method, resulting in setting A. The function is finalized during condition B through the description of the final action, leading to setting B.

Explanation

Partial action[22] [23] is only applied to contradictions involving functions or actions. Unlike prior action, this approach necessitates partially completing all stages beforehand. The action is then finalized at a later time. It is “not performed” at first and later it is “performed,” which are key characteristics of a function or action. Contradictions involving other interaction attributes can also be addressed using this method.

Common Example—Paper Towel Dispensing

In a public restroom, individuals need to dry their hands after washing them. We are quite familiar with perforated paper towels, but imagine how it would be without the perforations. Cutting the towel would take time to avoid creating a mess. It is necessary to TEAR the discarded portion of the paper towel for disposal. However, envision trying to tear off a piece of the paper towel with wet hands. We must NOT TEAR in order to save time and prevent making a mess for the next person.

The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. (Tearing) of the (towel) is partially performed in its entirety during (the manufacturing of the towel) by (perforating the towel), resulting in (not tearing). The function is completed during (towel use) by (pulling the towel), resulting in (tearing).

Example—Removing a Plaster Cast Following Healing

Plaster casts can be somewhat difficult to remove. Inserting tools between the skin and the cast can be uncomfortable for the patient. The cast must be CUT to ensure proper healing and for sanitation purposes, but it should NOT BE CUT in a manner that compromises the patient’s comfort.

The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. (Removing) the (cast) is partially performed in its entirety during (the forming of the cast) by (pre-inserting a dissolvable material) resulting in (not cutting). The function is completed during (the removal of the cast) by (cutting the cast with a solvent) resulting in (cutting).

Partially cutting the cast is likely not advisable, as some patients may engage in behaviors that could put stress on the cast. Pre-cutting the cast would reduce its structural integrity. However, if a material could be developed that would maintain structural integrity but lose it when exposed to an unusual, yet safe, solvent (such as alcohol), it might be feasible to complete the cutting by applying the solvent.

Manufacturing Example—Rapid Setup

Manufacturers have realized that once a numerically controlled machine is set up, it can efficiently machine many parts. The costs arise when the machine is initially prepared for production. SETTING UP the machine can be very slow and tedious. NOT SETTING UP eliminates this expense from the cost of manufacturing the parts, thereby reducing part costs and making the manufacturer more competitive.

The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. (Setting up) of the (machined part) is partially performed in its entirety during (other machining operations) by (setting up another machine) giving (not setting up). The function is completed during (machining) by (operating the machine) giving (setting up).

Software Example—Data Fetching

Fetching data from a disk can be time-consuming.

The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. (Fetching) of the (data) is partially performed in its entirety during (other software operations) by (fetching some data from the disk) giving (not fetching). The function is completed during (the necessary software operation) by (completing the data fetching) giving (fetching).

Administrative Example—Adult Training

The startup of a new facility can be challenging when conducted in offshore settings. Many new procedures must be learned by a large number of individuals. TRAINING is essential so that new procedures are performed accurately, or the product may acquire a poor reputation. NOT TRAINING is necessary to reduce costs.

The contradiction attribute pertains to an action or function. (Training) of the (employees) is partially completed in its entirety during (operation of another plant) by (apprenticing the employees to skilled workers) who provide (trained personnel). The function is finalized during (actual work) by (applying the training), resulting in (unpaid training).

The employees receive some training at another facility before they commence work at the new location. (According to a chemist friend, this is akin to what the Japanese did when they established amino acid plants in the United States. They had employees return to Japan for several weeks of hands-on training).

Practice—The Farmer’s Mush

Method: Excessive and Remedial Action

Method

The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function that must be performed quickly and slowly. The function of modifying the product can be executed swiftly through the broad action of the method of excessive performance. The careful remedial action is facilitated by the method in advance or by surpassing a threshold by the method.

Explanation

By Excessive and Remedial Action[24] [25], we refer to a necessary action that must be executed accurately but cannot be performed correctly due to time constraints or inconvenience.

To resolve this contradiction, the action, or part of it, is performed excessively or even wastefully at an inconvenient time. We cut the board long, so to speak, and sand it down to the correct size later.

To address the negative effects caused by excessive actions, there are two main approaches. In one approach, a remedial action is taken to correct the action to the desired state. In the other, the excessive action “overflows” or surpasses a threshold, where it is no longer executed. In either scenario, the action is performed inaccurately at first and then accurately.

Generally, performing a remedial action is not preferred; however, it may be permissible if it is inexpensive or not overly wasteful. The negative impacts of excessively performing an action may be mitigated by introducing a tool beforehand to make the correction more convenient or less costly.

Example—Masking & Painting

The contradiction attribute pertains to an action or function. Painting detailed parts or surfaces can be extremely time-consuming. It is essential to paint the parts quickly and INACCURATELY to save time and limit the painters’ exposure to solvents, among other things. However, it is also crucial to carry out the painting very ACCURATELY so that it looks attractive.

The contradiction attribute pertains to an action or function. The function of (painting) the (detailed parts) can be executed rapidly through the broad action of (painting with a roller or large brush). The detailed remedial action of (removing excess paint) is facilitated by (applying masking) beforehand or by surpassing a (hydrophobic) threshold through (utilizing hydrophobic materials for the unpainted areas).

Example—Concentrated Sauces from Pastes

Cooking sauces can be time-consuming due to the lengthy process of reducing the sauce to a consistency that meets the recipe’s requirements or the cook’s preferences. A classic example of this is tomato sauce. Fresh tomatoes contain a high percentage of water. Reducing them to a sauce in a restaurant can take considerable time. The creation of the sauce under the high-pressure cooking conditions of a modern restaurant must be done quickly and inaccurately to ensure profitability, while also being carried out with great accuracy to achieve the ideal consistency for the customer.

The contradictory attribute relates to an action or function. The function of reducing the tomato sauce can be swiftly accomplished by the basic action of introducing tomato paste. The detailed remedial action of thinning the sauce is facilitated by thickening the paste in advance or by exceeding a certain threshold by unknown means.

Example—Building Kitchen Cabinets

Building custom cabinets for a kitchen is time-consuming. Each individual board must be sawed and glued or nailed into place. This is one reason that custom cabinets are so expensive, putting quality cabinets out of reach for the average person. The cabinets must be built quickly yet ACCURATELY to ensure customer satisfaction and profitability.

The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. The function of (building) the (cabinets) can be performed quickly through the gross action of (installing prebuilt cabinets). The detailed remedial action of (shimming to the correct spacing) is made possible by (providing precut or adjustable shims) in advance or by exceeding an (unknown) threshold by (unknown).

Software Example—Iterative Search

A search for data needs to be executed very accurately, but performing it sequentially can be quite time-consuming. The search must be highly ACCURATE, yet it may also appear INACCURATE.

The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. The function of (searching) the (data set) can be rapidly executed through the gross action of (jumping to a location and then checking the properties of the data). The detailed remedial action of (a final sequential search) is made possible by (knowing the data properties) in advance or by exceeding an (unknown) threshold by (unknown).

“One example of this strategy in the software world is the use of a search algorithm to find information related to a specific person from a list of alphabetically sorted names stored in an array. For a small list of names, a sequential search starting at the beginning of the list is not especially time-consuming for a computer and may be faster than a more complex algorithm. However, as the list grows to include hundreds, thousands, tens of thousands, or millions of entries, a sequential search becomes impractical and inefficient since its expected cost is O(n). On average, half of the entries must be checked before the desired name is located.

A binary search algorithm leverages the ordered nature of the list and employs a “divide and conquer” strategy to quickly narrow down the desired name. It achieves this by inspecting the name at the mid-point of the array first, comparing it to the search name. If the mid-point value is alphabetically greater than the search name, the search name (if it exists in the list) must be in the upper half of the array. Conversely, if the mid-point entry is alphabetically less than the search name, the search name must exist in the lower half of the array.

After selecting one of the two halves of the array for further evaluation, the process continues in the same manner, continuously determining which half of the remaining array portion could contain the search name and which half can be disregarded. If each name in the list is unique (no duplicates), this algorithm will locate the search name in at most O(log n) evaluations. For instance, an array of 1024 entries would require only 10 evaluations to identify the correct entry. Doubling the array size to 2048 entries would increase the maximum number of evaluations needed to 11. Even for a list containing every unique name of all U.S. residents, only 30 comparisons would be necessary to find the position of a name in the array.

But what if there are duplicate names in the list? What if the additional criteria that differentiate the duplicate names from one another are not part of the sort order? For example, you might be searching for the John Smith born in 1948 whose wife’s name is Harriet and whose second child is named Gertrude. While the binary search algorithm will quickly find a matching name, the person you are truly looking for may be slightly above or below the entry found.

This scenario may benefit from a combination of the two search techniques. The binary search algorithm can be employed to rapidly narrow down a large list to a small area of interest. Since the sequential search algorithm is quite efficient on small lists, it can then be utilized to find the specific person you are looking for by stepping through each John Smith sequentially and examining other relevant (but non-indexed) data fields[26].”

Example—Writing a Book

Stopping and starting during the creative process of writing a book interrupts the flow of ideas and images. The writing must be ACCURATE. Unfortunately, this can lead to poor grammar, clumsy thoughts, and flawed punctuation. The writing needs to be completed ACCURATELY.

The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. The function of (writing) the (book) can be performed quickly through the gross action of (writing without interruption). The detailed remedial action of (correcting the logic, grammar, and punctuation) is made possible by (a specialist and specialized software) in advance or by exceeding an (unknown) threshold by (unknown).

Example—Rapidly Forming a High-Functioning Team

Sometimes it is challenging to assemble a group with the right skills to complete a task, especially under time constraints. The team needs to be ASSEMBLED ACCURATELY to ensure that the necessary skills are available, and this must be executed QUICKLY to meet tight deadlines.

The contradictory attribute pertains to an action or function. The function of (forming) the (team) can be achieved swiftly through the general action of (gathering quickly). The specific remedial action of (selecting the most suitable members) is facilitated by either (unknown) in advance or by surpassing a (capability) threshold by (placing the most capable individuals in task roles as the team assembles).

Method: Prior Counteraction

Method

The detrimental function of the (harmful function) in the (element) cannot be circumvented. The counteraction of (counter action) is performed in advance by (method of counter action) so that when the time for the harmful action of (harmful action) occurs, the (element) is not subjected to (harmful action).

Explanation

Prior Counteraction[27] is useful when a harmful action must “unavoidably” occur. This typically happens when there is an object that serves a useful function while also posing a harmful risk. To nullify the detrimental effect, we perform a counteraction prior to the harmful event, which cancels out the negative impact. As a result, the harmful action occurs, but due to the counteraction, its overall effect is neutralized. The counteraction generally involves the same physical phenomenon as the action that causes the harmful function.

Example—Medicine Ampoule

An ampoule containing heat-sensitive medicine must be heat-sealed. The heat will damage the medication. The ampoule must be HEATED to seal it and NOT HEATED to prevent spoiling the medicine.

The harmful function of (heating) the (medicine) cannot be avoided. The counteraction of (cooling the medicine) is performed in advance by (cooling with liquid nitrogen) so that when the time for the harmful action of (heating) the (medicine) arrives, it is not (heated).

Example—Movement of an Object

A periodic harmful action causes an object to be placed in an undesired location. The object must be MOVED and UNMOVED.

The harmful effect of (moving) the (object) cannot be avoided. The counteraction of (moving the object in the opposite direction) is executed in advance by (relocating the object) so that when the time comes for the harmful action of (moving) the (object), it is not (moved).

In this scenario, the object ultimately ends up where you intended it to be initially.

Software Example—Exception Handlers

A harmful software function WILL OCCUR but MUST NOT OCCUR.

The harmful function of a software action that damages the operation of the system cannot be avoided. The counteraction of hardware that generates an exception is performed in advance by signaling the system that a harmful action could occur, so that when the moment arrives for the harmful action that could cause damage to the operating system, it remains unharmed.

“Exception Handlers—preparing for the worst. This extends the concept from knowing that a harmful action WILL happen in the future to one where a harmful action COULD happen. The hardware typically generates an “exception” or “interrupt” to notify you that something adverse has occurred. The operating system then determines how to handle the situation. For example, it assesses what operation was being performed at the time of the incident and decides the appropriate response.”[28]

Example—Pre-stressed Concrete

Concrete has low tensile strength and high compressive strength. When a structure such as a bridge is constructed, it must support heavy loads like commercial trucks. The span between supports is heavily loaded, leading to high tension stresses on the underside of the span. This high stress is unavoidable. The tension load must be HIGH because it cannot be avoided. The tension load must be LOW to prevent fracturing the concrete.

The harmful function of loading the concrete span cannot be avoided. The counteraction of applying a tension load is carried out in advance by inserting steel columns under tension which “clamp” the span, so that when the time comes for the harmful action of applying tension to the span, the concrete span is not subjected to tensile loading.

Software Example—Memory Budgeting

During the operation of software, memory interference can occur; however, it must not happen.

The detrimental effect of overwriting system memory cannot be ignored. The counteraction of budgeting for worst-case interference is performed in advance by allocating sufficient memory for worst-case conditions, ensuring that when the time comes for the harmful action of interference, the system memory is not compromised.

“Countering—Budgeting under worst-case memory or cache interference and subsequently operating under non-worst-case interference (actual operation) permits no interference. This is a common approach to handling budgeting.[29]”

Practice—Vibrating Water Wheel

Practice—Traffic Light

Practice—Storing Almost Protons

Method: Countering

Method

The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. The (element) must be (null action) during (condition A). This is accomplished by applying (counteraction). The counter action is removed during (condition B) when the full action is required.

Explanation

For Countering[30], the conflicting properties are that an action must occur and it must not occur. Both are actually desirable at the appropriate times.

There are two possibilities. First, two strong actions counter each other and give a null action. Later, one of the actions is removed, leaving the full action of one of the original actions.

The second possibility is that one strong action exists. Later a counter action is added which gives the null action. This is typically used with actions, fields and movements.

The possibility exists to use the principle of COUNTER WEIGHT to make elements push or pull each other. A transmission element may be required between the elements. Sometimes, counter fields can overlap each other in such a way to nullify each other. The field gradients can be opposite each other to create one condition or they can be entirely opposite each other.

Example of Counter Weight

A heavy object must be precisely dropped, but in order to drop it precisely, it must first be positioned accurately. Positioning the object is difficult since it is so heavy.

The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. The (weight) must be (held) during (positioning). This is accomplished by applying (a counter weight or force). The counter action is removed during (dropping) when the full action is required.

Example—Cancellation of Waveforms

A signal needs to be transmitted at all times, but it must not be transmitted during resting periods.

The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. The (signal) must be (silent) during (a rest period). This is accomplished by applying (an 180 degrees out of phase signal). The counter action is removed during (communication) when the full action is required.

Example—Deadfalls and Snares

In order to kill an animal during wilderness survival, a large force must be used. However, a large force is not easily and rapidly brought into play.

The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. The (heavy log) must be (held) during (positioning of the animal). This is accomplished by applying (a counter weight or force). The counter action is removed during (killing of the animal) when the full action is required.

Example—Military Mock Battles

In order to be increasingly ready with the latest in military strategy, a military unit should be in battle against units prepared with the latest technology and strategies. However, there are times of peace when fighting an actual enemy is not possible.

The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. The (military unit) must be (opposed by the latest military strategies) during (times of peace). This is accomplished by applying (pitting half of the army against itself). The counter action is removed during (times of war) when the full action is required. This is accomplished in mock military battles.

Example—Strong Pitch

At times a strong message is required from leaders. At other times it is not necessary or even harmful. In order that the main presenter of the message is not considered weak, the message must always be presented.

The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. The (message) must be (muted) during (times when message has low priority). This is accomplished by applying (a counter argument from other leaders). The counter action is removed during (times of high priority) when the full action is required.

Example—Magnetization

The contradiction attribute relates to an action or function. The (magnetic element) must be (magnetically neutral) during (non-operation). This is accomplished by applying (counter magnetic forces). The counter action is removed during (operation) when the full action is required.

A material is magnetized with both polarities. The flux lines remain primarily internal to the magnetic material. This is called a keeper and keeps the magnetic strength high. Later, one polarity is reversed so that only one of the polarities remains. Now the flux lines are primarily external and can be used for various functions.

Method: Separation on Condition

Simplified Method

The difference (difference) between (condition A) and (condition B) will change the (element attribute) from (setting A) to (setting B). The (physical phenomenon or method) will be utilized to drive the change in parameters.

Full Method

Step 1: We have already identified the conditions under which we need to set each property or knob setting to determine whether we can separate in time. What are these changing conditions?

Step 2: Consult the unformatted table of fields above. Which fields change under the new conditions?

Step 3: Identify the required function.

Step 4: What physical phenomena can be used to deliver the required function? If you are familiar with methods for identifying physical phenomena to fulfill functions, then use those methods. Otherwise, brainstorm physical phenomena that can be utilized.

Explanation

It is more ideal to separate based on conditions rather than time. The changing conditions must cause the change. There is no need for monitoring or active control. Thus, Separation Based on Condition is the Holy Grail of Separation in Time.

When we passed the test for Separating in Time, we determined the conditions (condition A) and (condition B) in which the (element attribute) needed to be set to (setting A) and (setting B). There are usually several factors that change between these two conditions. One of these differences will be used to drive the changes in settings. Let’s consider the case where the changing conditions are night and day. We ask ourselves, “What changes between night and day?” The light level changes. Temperatures change. Relative humidity and insect activity also change between night and day. One of these differences can now be used to modify the attribute setting. Changing factors can drive the change. An unformatted list of factors is extracted from the Table of Fields in the appendix.

Example—Clothes Iron Steam

Before steam irons, flat irons were used to press clothes. The iron was heated first by hot coals or on a stovetop, and later it was heated by an electric current. Eventually, it was desired that steam should flow. To conserve water, we ask how the flow of steam can occur only during ironing. The flow should be ACTIVE while ironing and NOT ACTIVE when not ironing.

Simplified Method

The difference in (iron orientation) between (ironing) and (iron resting) will change the (water flow) from (flowing) to (not flowing). The (water level versus flow orifice level) will be utilized to drive the change of parameters.

Full Method

Step 1: We have already identified the conditions under which we need to set each property or knob setting to determine if we can Separate in Time. What are these changing conditions?

Since we have already completed this step, we acknowledge that the transition from ironing to not ironing is the changing condition.

Step 2: Consult the unformatted table of fields above. What fields change in the new conditions?

From the Table of Fields, we see that the adhesion (friction), inertia, and gravity fields are changing.

Step 3: Identify the required function.

The required function is to move a liquid.

Step 4: What physical phenomena can be used to deliver the required function? If you are familiar with the methods used for identifying physical phenomena to deliver functions, then use these methods. Otherwise, brainstorm physical phenomena that can be used.

In this case, it was recognized that the iron is naturally positioned upright to prevent burning clothing during ironing movements.

This change of orientation naturally allows for a change of flow through an orifice. The contradiction is resolved on condition by making the water NOT FLOW when upright (not ironing) and FLOW when in the ironing position.

Example—Dark Glasses

The glasses need to be CLEAR under low lighting conditions and DARK under intense lighting conditions.

Simplified Method

The difference in (light intensity) between (low lighting) and (intense lighting) will change the (glass’s light transmission) from (high transmission) to (low transmission). The (photo sensitivity) will be exploited to drive the change of parameters.

Full Method

Step 1: What are these changing conditions?

The change from low ambient light to high ambient light is the changing condition. Identify the contradiction in the form shown.

Step 2: Consult the unformatted table of fields above. What fields change in the new conditions?

From the Table of Fields, we see light fields are changing.

Step 3: Identify the required function.

The required function is to darken the glass.

Step 4: What physical phenomena can be utilized to achieve the required function? If you are familiar with the methods for identifying physical phenomena that deliver functions, please use these methods. Otherwise, brainstorm physical phenomena that could be employed.

In this case, it was recognized that certain materials are photosensitive and change color based on their energy state. This phenomenon was employed to transition the glasses from clear to tinted. The contradiction is resolved by making the glasses CLEAR in low ambient light and DARK in high ambient light.

Example—Fluorescent Materials

A material must be VISIBLE under ultraviolet light and NOT VISIBLE when the light is turned off.

The difference in (ultraviolet intensity) between (light on) and (light off) will alter the (material visibility) from (visible) to (not visible). The (addition of a luminescent material) will be utilized to drive the change in parameters.

Example—Diving

The relative “hardness” of the water must be SOFT at low entry speeds and HARD at high entry speeds.

The difference in (velocity) between (low entry speed) and (high entry speed) will change the (feeling of water hardness) from (soft) to (hard). The (inertia of the water) will be utilized to drive the change of parameters.

When jumping from low heights, the water is SOFT. When jumping from great heights, the water is HARD.

Practice—Two Tining Rake

Practice—I Just Can’t Stop

Practice—Special Delivery

Practice—Take Smaller Bites

Practice—The Beat Goes On

Method: Separation on Condition--Transparency

Method

The difference in (difference) between (condition A) and (condition B) will change the (element) transparency from transparent to opaque. The (physical phenomenon or method) will be used to drive the change of parameters.

Explanation

This separation principle is specifically related to one attribute: transparency. The use of transparency[31] is a common TRIZ principle. It is utilized in various ways throughout the separation principles. Here, it enables separation based on conditions, as a transformation of transparency will automatically occur depending on the changing circumstances. Certain types of filters can selectively allow objects to pass based on their size or shape.

Example—Hinged Elements

Selectively allows solids in motion to pass through. They may block gases, liquids, and smaller objects. Thus, hinged elements are TRANSPARENT when large objects attempt to pass and OPAQUE when small or extremely large objects try to pass.

The difference in (object size) between (large animals) and (insects or air) will change the (trap door) transparency from transparent to opaque. The (inertia of the door) will be used to drive the change of parameters.

Example—Mechanical Filters

Mechanical filters selectively permit small objects to pass through. Examples include sieves, fabrics, filament wraps, and molecular sieves. Sieves are TRANSPARENT when light and air attempt to pass through and OPAQUE when bugs try to pass.

The difference in (object size) between (light and air) and (bugs) alters the (screen) transparency from transparent to opaque. The (opening size of the screen) will be used to adjust the parameters accordingly.

Example—Foams, Liquids, Floating Solids, Fluids in Motion

These selectively allow large objects to pass. They may block gases, other liquids, and very small objects. Consider using inert materials[32] for this purpose. In this instance, gases evolving from a machining process are halted by a foam barrier. The foam is TRANSPARENT to large objects and OPAQUE to small ones.

The difference in the inertia of force between large objects and small objects will change the transparency of the separator material from transparent to opaque. The inertia or relative force will be utilized to drive the change in parameters.

Note that whenever small inertial forces occur, there is significant resistance to transmitting the small inertia body. Conversely, whenever large inertial forces occur, there is minimal resistance to transmitting the large inertia body. This can also affect separation in space. Wherever there is a large inertia force, there is minimal resistance to the large inertia body. In all other cases, there is high resistance to small inertia bodies.

Practice—The Cover That Wasn’t

Method: Transformation--Transformable States

Method

The (element) is formed from (a transformable structure—see the table). The (element) is (state A) during (condition A), thus making it (setting A). The (element) is (state B) during (condition B), thus making it (setting B). (The transformation) is operated near (critical point) by (method).

Explanation

This generally involves changing the “state” of the bulk properties of the element[33], in order to transition from one conflicting property to the next. Note that the broad definition of “states” encompasses much more than just the transition between solids, liquids, and gases. The current list is not exhaustive. If you need additional methods, refer to the table of knobs and look under changing bulk properties. A field may change “state” by transforming to another frequency.

The transformation should occur near the critical point for maximum effect. For example, if the transformation is from liquid to gas, operating near the boiling point would facilitate the transformation with less energy input. The Solution Standards provide several practical suggestions for utilizing phase transitions.[34]

Example—Soda Container

A soda container must be COMPLETELY CLOSED to store or contain a liquid. It must be OPEN during the consumption of the beverage.

The (can seal) is made from (a readily yielding material). The (can seal) remains (unbroken) during (storage), thereby rendering it (closed). The (can seal) is (broken) during (consumption), making it (open). (Yielding) occurs near (the yield point) by (providing leverage at the point of tearing).

Example—Sponge

A cleaning product needs to be ATTRACTIVE to small debris during cleaning and NOT ATTRACTIVE to small debris during storage.

The cleaning product is made from a sponge. The cleaning product is moist during the collection of small debris, thus making it attractive. The cleaning product is dry during storage, thus making it not attractive. Adhesion operates near the critical surface tension by remaining slightly damp.

Example—Chopsticks

Chopsticks need to be JOINED for ease of dispensing in a vending machine and SEPARATED for use while eating.

The (element) is formed from (a fragile structure). The (chopsticks) remain (unbroken) during (storage in the vending machine), thereby keeping them (joined). The (chopsticks) are (broken) during (preparation for consumption), thus making them (separate). (Breaking) is initiated near (yield) by (creating a high-stress crack initiation).

Example—Foam Soap

It is common for people to take more soap than needed when dispensing from a liquid soap dispenser. During storage, the soap needs to be concentrated to take up less room. During use, it needs to be un-concentrated to be easily spread on the hands.

The soap is formed from a foaming liquid. The soap is liquid during storage, thus making it concentrated. The soap is foam during use, thus making it un-concentrated. Foaming is operated near the critical surface tension by proper dilution of the soap.

Practice—Too Flexible

Various diameters of a thin rubber boot (which covers part of a car shift mechanism) must be measured with great accuracy at several points. Unfortunately, the micrometer used deforms the boot during the measurement. This results in inaccurate measurements. How can the boot be measured more accurately? The boot’s flexibility needs to be both flexible and stiff. Resolve the contradiction using the principle that you have just learned.

Practice—Too Flexible

Practice—Radiation Treatment

Practice—A Post and an Outpost

Practice—The Cover That Wasn’t

Practice—Special Delivery II

Method: Transformation--Using Fields

Method

Utilizing physical phenomena involving pneumatic or hydraulic structures[36] allows us to add an associated field from the table to the element during condition A, making it setting A. Removing or reversing the field during condition B results in setting B.

Explanation

In the previous section, we considered changing the bulk properties of the element in question to switch from one knob setting to another. In this case, we examine the fields associated with the element to alternate between the conflicting attributes. A Table of Fields is provided. The activation and deactivation of fields serves as a prime example of the inventive principle of periodic action[35].

Example—Inflatable Displays

I need displays that EXIST and function as displays, and do NOT EXIST for easy storage.

Using (pneumatic structures) allows us to apply a (pressure field) to the (display) during (displaying), making it (exist). (Removing) the (pressure field) during (storage) renders it (not exist).

Example—Electric Fence

I need an enclosure fence that must be PAINFUL during contact to contain animals, and must be HARMLESS during non-contact to reduce operating costs.

Using (high voltage structures) allows us to create an (electric field) in the (enclosure) during (contact), making it (painful). (Removing) the (electric field) during (non-contact) renders it (harmless).

Example—Light Bulb Changer

A mechanical arm is designed to reach and change a light bulb. The arm allows for a twisting motion to turn the bulb. A device is needed that allows for NOT HOLDING the bulb during positioning and HOLDING the bulb during twisting.

Utilizing pneumatic structures enables us to apply a pressure field—Vacuum—to the handle during removal, making it hold the bulb. Releasing the pressure field—Vacuum during positioning makes it not hold the bulb.

Example—Magnetic Clutch

The clutch must be RIGID during energy transfer and FLUID during periods of rest.

Using magnetic fluids allows us to apply a magnetic field to the ferromagnetic balls in the fluid during energy transfer, making it rigid. Removing the magnetic field during rest allows it to become fluid.

Example—Grass Trimmer

The trimmer blade needs to be STIFF to effectively trim grass and small limbs. It also needs to be FLEXIBLE for easy maintenance and storage.

Utilizing the inertia of high-velocity bodies allows us to add an inertia field to the blade during grass trimming, making it stiff. Removing the inertia field during maintenance and storage makes it flexible.

Example—Detection of Food Particles

Food particles must be HIGHLY VISIBLE during inspection to teach a child how to improve their brushing technique. The particles should be INVISIBLE at all other times to avoid embarrassing the child.

Utilizing (iridescent materials) enables us to incorporate an (ultraviolet field) into the (particles) during (inspection), making them (highly visible). (Deactivating) the (ultraviolet field) during (all other times) renders them (invisible).

Common Example—Plating and Electro Polishing

During plating, the metal atoms from the solution are attracted to areas of strong electrostatic fields. Any points on the surface of the metal with a smaller radius will experience higher fields. Once the plating metal adheres to the surface, it creates an even smaller radius, accelerating the process and making the surface of the metal even rougher. If the fields were reversed, the opposite effect would occur, and material would be removed from the peaks. To effectively deposit the plating material, the plated piece should have a NEGATIVE polarity. Conversely, for a smooth surface, the plated piece should have a POSITIVE polarity.

Utilizing a reversal of electric fields allows us to apply a negative electric field to the plated piece during plating, resulting in positive polarity. Reversing the negative electric field during polishing results in positive polarity as well.

Example–Welding

A strong light is needed to illuminate the melt during an arc welding demonstration film. We should not light up the melt to observe the arc in the film.

Using a bright illumination or strobe light allows us to add a light field to the melt during frames showing the melt, making it illuminated. Removing or reversing the light during frames showing the arc makes it unlit.

Practice—Soft Water

Practice—Free-Fall Plating

Practice—Special Delivery II

Practice—The Beat Goes On

Method: Transformation--Unrolling & Stretching

Method

The (element) is formed from an (expanding structure—see table). The (element) is in (state A) during (condition A), thus making it (setting A). The (element) is in (state B) during (condition B), thus making it (setting B).

Explanation

This transformation involves the manipulation of a specific field: stress fields. The element is designed to change shape dramatically due to the application of external forces. Note that the box to the right enables a variety of constructions that respond readily to external forces, altering their area, volume, or shape. This is likely an extension of transformable states, which are commonly utilized.

Example—Parachute

The air brake must be low drag during freefall. It must be high drag during braking.

The air brake is made from fabric. The air brake is compacted during freefall, making it low drag. The air brake expands during braking, increasing its drag.

Method: Transformation--Input/Output

Method

The elements to be operated upon must be set to A during condition A. A transformation of phenomena or action changes the elements to setting B during condition B.

Explanation

An object has a single property entering and later, the opposite property exiting. Identify a method (function) that allows for the adjustment of the property between the input and the output. This implies that a physical phenomenon needs to be recognized, along with a tool provided to deliver this physical phenomenon. This method is primarily utilized for the transformation of a flow of objects, fields, or information.

Example—Voice Modulation

A male storyteller narrates the story in a MALE voice. Later, he wishes to interject a WOMAN’S voice during the televised transmission of the show.

The (voice) to be manipulated must be (male) during (the actual storytelling). A transformation of (voice modulation) alters the (voice) to (female) during (the transmission of the show).

Example—Mixing of Liquids

The compounds must be procured and stored as SEPARATE components. Later, they must be MIXED for consumption.

The (compounds) to be processed must remain (separate) during (procurement and storage). A transformation involving (mixing blades) alters the (compounds) to (mixed) during (fabrication of the final product).

Example—Signal Separation

The signals must be MIXED in order to transmit them from the same sender. They must be SEPARATED in order to comprehend the content.

The (signal) to be processed must be (mixed) during (transmission). A transformation of (signal filtering) alters the (signal) to (separate) during (logging and utilizing the information).

Example—Spook Alley

People must remain calm during travel between amusements so that they can enjoy looking around and eating. They must later be SCARED to feel that they have properly celebrated Halloween.

The (patrons) to be entertained must be (calm) during (traveling and dining). A transformation involving (scary costumes and actions) changes the (patrons) to (scared) during (their journey through the amusement).

Practice—Blood Brain Barrier

Method: Transformation--Disposable Objects

Method

The (element) is formed from (expandable structure—see table). The (element) is (state A) during (condition A), thus making it (existing). The (element) is (state B) during (condition B), thus making it (non-existing).

Explanation

This transformation is mostly used for specific situations where an object must exist and must not exist. The object does exist and is then removed when it is no longer required. Special consideration should be given to ensure that the disposed object is environmentally friendly and uses the least amount of material possible.

Example—Soda Container

A soda container opening must EXIST in order to allow consumption of the beverage, and it must NOT EXIST in order to safely contain the beverage.

The (can seal) is formed from (a readily yielding material). The (can opening) is (open) during (consumption), thus making it (existing). The (can seal) is (closed) during (storage), thus making it (not existing).

Method: Carrier--Intermediary

Method

During (condition A), an inexpensive carrier[42] object or substance, which is (setting A), is (attached to, surrounding, or mixed with) (segmented or individual) (elements) that are (setting B), thus lending its properties and making the combination (setting A). No carrier is used during condition B, making the element set to setting B.

Explanation

An intermediary[37] is a carrier that is temporarily used and may be disposed[38] [39] of when the need is past. For the time it is used, the combination of objects exhibits the properties of the carrier or intermediary. The intermediary, or carrier, lends its attributes to the element it is attached to. The carrier can be affixed and later removed, or it can be added subsequently.

One or more objects with a specific property are closely associated with a “carrier” substance possessing the conflicting desirable property. The whole assumes the desired property of the carrier. Utilizing carriers is one of the most effective methods for altering the properties of objects.

If the property of the element is desirable, then they should be arranged within the carrier so that they are expressed on a smaller “micro” scale. Thus, both properties may be expressed, or an undesirable property of the element may be concealed.

Using a carrier necessitates the addition of new substances, which may not be ideal, so strive to find the most economical carrier available.

Simply attaching a carrier to the object may be sufficient to allow the carrier to “loan” its properties. This can be achieved in various ways, as illustrated in the orange box, including simple contact, clamping together, adhering, etc.

Objects with a specific property can be nested[40] inside another object possessing the conflicting desirable property. The whole then takes on the desired property of the carrier. The carrier may be solid, liquid, or gas. Consider some of the more unusual carriers in the orange box.

A segmented[41] carrier with a desirable property may be mixed with segmented or multiplied elements carrying the opposing undesirable property. The whole assumes the properties of the carrier. The orange box demonstrates some of the more unusual carrier mixtures possible. Refer to these as you ponder resolving your contradiction. The term “segmented carrier” refers to liquid molecules, fibers, and even larger elements such as laminate sheets. Consider finer scales down to sub-atomic particles.

Example—Pile Driving

A pile needs to be SHARP during driving and BLUNT during supporting.

During (supporting) (concrete), which is (blunt), is (attached to) (individual) (piles), which are (sharp), thereby loaning its property and rendering the combination (blunt). No carrier is employed during (driving), allowing the (pile) to remain (sharp).

Concrete is pumped into the pile and extrudes out of holes, making the pile BLUNT.

Example—Paint Roller

A roller needs to be SHORT while painting areas that are lower and LONG while painting higher walls.

During the process of (painting high walls), (a pole) that is (long) is (attached to) (individual) (rollers) that are (short), thus combining their properties and creating the overall (length) (long). No carrier is used during (painting at eye level), making the (roller) (short).

Example—Porcelain Mold

The slurry must be SUPPORTED to be formed into various shapes. The slurry must be UNSUPPORTED for firing.

During (forming and drying), (a mold) that is (supported) is (attached to) (segmented) (slurries) that are (unsupported), thus lending its properties and making the combination (supported). No carrier is used during (firing), rendering the (slurry) (unsupported).

Example—Constitution

The Constitution must be passed RAPIDLY to keep a contentious union of states cohesive. This constitution needs to be passed SLOWLY AND DELIBERATELY to establish a solid foundation for the future of the union.

During (subsequent deliberations) (a Bill of Rights) which is (slow and deliberate passing speed) is (attached to) (the individual) (constitution) which is (rapidly passing), thus lending its properties and making the combination (slow and deliberate passing speed). No carrier is used during (writing the constitution), causing the (constitution) to be (rapidly passing).

Example—Increasing Group Knowledge

A group of people must be KNOWLEDGEABLE about a certain subject in order to answer questions from a highly influential group of customers. The group must be UNKNOWLEDGEABLE about the subject at all other times because it requires specialized education, thus making the group too costly.

While (questioning by influential customers) (a knowledgeable person) which is (highly knowledgeable) is (connected to) (the individual) (group) which is (unknowledgeable), thus lending its expertise and creating the combination (knowledgeable). No carrier is utilized while (customers are absent), making the (group) (unknowledgeable).

Example—Soluble Compounds

A chemical compound must be INSOLUBLE in water during transport. In the event of an accident, the compound will not dissolve in water, allowing for easier collection. During the actual application, the molecule must be SOLUBLE in water.

During transportation, an insoluble compound, which is insoluble in water, is combined with individual compounds that are soluble in water, thereby lending its property and making the combination insoluble in water. No carrier is used during the application of the compound, rendering the compound soluble in water.

Example—Pile Driving

The pile must be SHARP during driving and BLUNT during supporting.

During the supporting phase (a concrete bulb) that is (blunt) is (attached to) individual (piles) which are (blunt), thus loaning its properties and making the combination (blunt). No carrier is used during (driving), making the (pile) (blunt).

Initially, the pile is SHARP for driving. Later, the tip of the pile is detonated, and concrete is pumped into the resulting cavity. The concrete possesses the property of bluntness and renders the entire pile BLUNT.

Example—Engraving Thin Metallic Plates

The base material must be FLEXIBLE to shape it into a plate. The plate material must be INFLEXIBLE to create intricate engravings.

During the engraving process, a rigid tar is attached to individual plates that are flexible, thus lending its properties and making the combination rigid. No carrier is used while forming the plate, which keeps the plate flexible.

Example—Burst Disks

During low-pressure operation, the orifice needs to CONSTRAIN the gas. When the pressure becomes excessive, the orifice must be UNCONSTRAINED.

During low-pressure operation, a weakened barrier that is constraining is attached to individual orifices, which are un-constraining, thus losing its property and making the combination constraining. No carrier is used during high-pressure operation, making the orifice un-constraining.

The container is weakened in such a way that if the pressure becomes too high, it bursts and allows gas to flow freely.

Example—Paper Mâché

The paper mâché must be SUPPORTED in order to be formed. The paper mâché must be UNSUPPORTED in order to be filled with candy.

During the process of forming the mâché, a balloon that serves as a support is attached to segmented mâché that is unsupported, thus losing its property and making the combination supported. No carrier is used during the filling process, resulting in the mâché being unsupported.

Example—Disposable Caps

During use, the bottle must be CONTAINING to hold the liquid inside. During storage, the bottle must be UNCONTAINING for easy pouring.

During storage, an inexpensive plastic cap that is constraining is attached to individual bottles that are unconstraining, thereby lending its property and making the combination constraining. No carrier is used during pouring, making the bottle unconstraining.

Example—Pile Driving

A sharp pile is required during driving. A blunt pile is needed for supporting.

During supporting, a blunt pile that is blunt is attached to individual piles that are sharp, thus lending its property and making the combination blunt. No carrier is used during driving, making the pile sharp.

Example—Gel Products

A compound must be LIQUID to be easily mixed and processed with other compounds. It must be SOLID to hold its shape while being applied by hand.

During the application by hand, solid particles that are solid and formable are mixed with segmented compounds that are liquid, thereby lending their properties and making the combination solid and formable. No carrier is used during mixing, which makes the compound liquid.

Example—Group Cohesion

In order to educate the group on various topics, it is necessary for the members to come with diverse opinions that they freely share with one another. This leads to the group being NOT COHESIVE. The group has an important mission that they need to be united on. This necessitates that the group be COHESIVE.

During the formation of the group, individuals with differing opinions, who are non-cohesive, are mixed with cohesive groups, thereby lending their characteristics and creating a combination that is not cohesive. No carrier is used during the mission, making the group cohesive.

Example—Fishing Weight

To cast the baited hook a long distance, the hook needs to be HEAVY. For the baited hook to lie on the surface of the water, it must be LIGHT.

During casting, a cheap weight attached to an inexpensive dissolving tablet, which is heavy, is connected to an individual bait hook that is light, thereby lending its properties and making the overall combination heavy. No carrier is used while the hook lies in the water, keeping the hook light.

The weight is attached to a dissolving tablet. When thrown into the water, the tablet dissolves.

Example—Sandwiches

At large gatherings, the sandwiches must be UNIFORM for easy handling and distribution. However, the individual tastes of attendees are not uniform. It is necessary that the sandwiches are NOT UNIFORM.

During the consumption of the sandwiches, the bread, which is uniform, surrounds individual condiments that are not uniform, thus lending its properties and making the combination uniform. No carrier is used during the formation of the sandwich, making the condiments non-uniform.

Example—Composites

Plastic laminates are necessary during forming to create a stiff and lightweight structure. Thin metal laminates are required to absorb electromagnetic radiation during the use of the product.

During operation, metallic laminates that are mixed with segmented plastic laminates enhance their properties, making the combination metallic. No carrier is used during the forming of the plastic, which keeps the plastic laminates intact.

Example—Confusing the Opposition

To confuse the group, it is essential to convey a message that is typically CONFLICTING with the group’s objectives. To unite the group, the messages should NOT CONFLICT with the group’s purposes.

During the process of confusing the opposition, many conflicting messages that are at odds with the group’s objectives are intermingled with a cohesive overall message that aligns with the group’s purposes, thereby rendering the combination conflicting. No carrier is used during the effort to rally the group, ensuring that the overall message remains in alignment with the group’s purposes.

Practice—Metallic Film

Practice—Special Delivery

Practice—Two Tining Rake

Practice—The Farmer’s Mush

Practice—Too Flexible

Practice—Storing Almost Protons

Practice—Blood Brain Barrier

Practice—A Slight Polishing

Method: Merging--Interacting

Method

Segmentation is (allowed and accomplished by what method or is not allowed). During (condition A), several (segmented or individual) (elements) possess the property of being (setting A) while unified or interacting through (a field, mediator, method, or unified arrangement). During (condition B), the unifying interaction is absent, rendering them (setting B).

Explanation

The term “merging” will be used more broadly to indicate “interacting” with individual or segmented[43] objects. The individual objects or segments possess one desired property, while the interacting objects exhibit the opposing property. Such interactions can be achieved with the fields outlined in the Table of Fields.

A mediating substance or “mediator” can also facilitate interaction among the individual elements. The mediating substance or field typically operates at a macro scale, whereas the individual elements function at a micro scale. Merging allows for actions at a distance, as well as the potential for touching, nesting[44], interweaving, attaching, and mixing. We also consider fields that repel rather than attract.

To strive for ideality, we prefer to utilize existing fields when possible. For instance, we could enable the elements to interlink. Mechanical fields already exist; why not allow them to perform the act of merging?

As with all merging methods, it may be necessary to break an element down into multiple pieces that can then interact. When an element is segmented into several components, this generates new resources and properties, such as adjustability.

Example—Window Shade

The shade is LARGE & SQUARE while blocking light through the window. The shade is SMALL & ROUND while allowing light to pass through the window.

Segmentation is (allowed and accomplished through manufacturing methods). During (light transmission), several (segmented) (magnetic shade elements) possess the property of being (small and round) while unified or interacting via (a magnetic field). During (blocking light transmission), the unifying interaction is absent, rendering them (large and square).

Example—Picture

A picture must be COMPACT when stored in a box. The picture must be EXPANSIVE when viewed as a picture.

Segmentation is permitted and achieved through manufacturing methods. During construction, several segmented picture pieces have the property of being expanded while unified or interacting through an interlinking stress field. During storage, the unifying interaction is absent, making them compact.

Example—Bungee Cords

Binding cords need to be LONG when securing large loads and SHORT when securing small loads.

Segmentation is not allowed. During the process of securing large loads, several individual cords must be long while unified or interacting through mechanical interlocking. When securing small loads, this unifying interaction is absent, making them short.

Example—Creating Group Interaction

The group must be ISOLATED while contemplating individual solutions to a problem to avoid being influenced by others or experiencing groupthink. The group must be COMMUNICATIVE to arrive at a consensus moving forward.

Segmentation is not allowed. During the process of reaching a consensus, several individual group members possess the trait of being communicative while unified or interacting through a field of communication. During the contemplation of solutions, the unifying interaction is absent, resulting in them being isolated.

Example—Merging Polymer Chains

Under conditions that require low damping, the fluid in the rotational damper has LOW VISCOSITY. Under conditions that require high damping, the fluid has a HIGH VISCOSITY.

Segmentation is not permitted. During high damping, several individual polymer chains possess the characteristic of being high viscosity while unified or interacting through an electrostatic field. During low damping, the unifying interaction is absent, resulting in low viscosity.

Example—Pile Driving

The piles must be SHARP while being driven and BLUNT while supporting.

Segmentation is not allowed. During supporting, several individual piles possess the property of being blunt while unified or interacting through a mechanical nesting field. During driving, the interaction is absent, causing them to be sharp.

Example—Pile Driving

We need the pile to be SHARP during driving and BLUNT while supporting it.

Segmentation is permitted and achieved through an explosive charge. When driving, several individual piles exhibit the property of being sharp while unified or interacting through a mechanical field. When supporting, the unifying interaction is absent, rendering them blunt.

Example—Mincing Garlic

Fresh garlic has a very strong odor. Storing garlic in its natural wrapper produces a very WEAK smell. This makes it ideal for keeping garlic in a living area. During cooking, it requires a STRONG smell to impart flavor.

Segmentation is achieved by cutting or crushing. During storage, several individual garlic segments exhibit a weak property while they are unified or interacting within a mechanical field. During cooking, this unifying interaction is absent, resulting in a strong aroma.

Example—an Easily Swallowed Pill

Many medications must be EASILY DISSOLVED in the stomach. Unfortunately, many medications that dissolve easily in the stomach also dissolve quickly in the mouth, resulting in a strong and unpleasant taste. The pill should be DIFFICULT TO DISSOLVE in the mouth.

Segmentation is allowed and achieved by a tasty binder that dissolves in saliva. When swallowing, several individual pills exhibit the property of being difficult to dissolve while unified or interacting through a unifying mechanical field. During digestion, the unifying interaction is absent, making them easily dissolved.

Example—Small Scripts

While preparing for a play, the actors receive scripts to learn their lines, but there is a challenge. The speaking parts and choreography need to be learned very quickly. The FULL script is necessary for the actors to understand their positioning relative to one another, but it is impractical to carry the complete script while moving about the stage. The scripts must be PARTIAL during their dance rehearsals.

Segmentation is (allowed and achieved by cutting them out). During (training), several (individual) (scripts) retain the property of being (full) when unified or interacting in (a cohesive arrangement). During (dancing), the unifying interaction is absent, rendering them (partial).

Example—Massive Table

We need a MASSIVE table to convey a sense of stability. The table must be LIGHT to allow for easy movement from time to time.

Segmentation is possible and achieved by designing the table as separate pieces. During use, several segmented table pieces maintain the property of being massive while unified or interacting through an interlocking table or fastening elements. During transportation, the unifying interaction is absent, making them light.

Example—Die Processing

A ROUND wafer is round because the ingot from which it is produced is round. The individual dies are SQUARE.

Segmentation is allowed and accomplished by cleaving. During die processing, several segmented wafers have the property of being round while unified or interacting through a unifying mechanical field. During packaging, the unifying interaction is absent, making them square.

Example—Cleaving DNA

In order for DNA to be extracted, it must be COMPLETE molecules. To multiply the various parts of the DNA, it must consist of PARTIAL segments.

Segmentation is allowed and accomplished by chemically snipping the DNA. During extraction, several segmented DNA molecules can be complete while unified or interacting through unifying chemical bonds. During multiplication, the unifying interaction is absent, making them partial.

Example—Acid

Initially, the acid is in crystalline form for safe transportation and storage. Later, it is in liquid form for use in chemical reactions.

Segmentation is allowed and accomplished through dissolution. During storage and transport, several segmented acid molecules retain the property of being crystalline while unified or interacting through chemical bonds. During reactions, the unifying interaction is absent, making them liquid.

Example—Separation of Signals

We need ONE SIGNAL because we have only one transmitter, but we require SEVERAL SIGNALS to convey different types of information.

Segmentation is permitted and achieved through signal filters. During transmission, several segmented signals can exhibit the characteristics of being one signal while unified or interacting through a unifying arrangement. During viewing or listening, the unifying interaction is absent, making them several signals.

Example—Law Enforcement Rules

A group of law enforcement officers is guided more efficiently by CENTRAL CONTROL when they are in close proximity. While performing their duties, it becomes more effective for the officers to operate AUTONOMOUSLY rather than waiting for central control to instruct them in ever-changing and hazardous circumstances.

Segmentation is (not allowed). During (close proximity), several (individual) (officers) possess the property of being (centrally controlled) while unified or interacting through (a communication field). During (performing duty), the unifying interaction is absent, making them (autonomous).

Note that providing the officers with rules helps them to be more autonomous.

Example—Packing Words for Transport

While conveying the information, the data should be in COMPACT form. During calculations, the digital data should be EASILY MANIPULATED.

Segmentation is (not allowed). During (transport), several (individual) (bits) possess the property of being (compact) while unified or interacting through (a unified arrangement). During (calculation), the unifying interaction is absent, making them (easily manipulated).

Chemistry Example—Non-Corrosive By-Products

After a CORROSIVE chemical is used in a reaction, there are usually small amounts of the corrosive components that remain in the byproducts. The byproducts are utilized in other reactions, making it necessary to store them for extended periods. Unfortunately, they tend to leak or corrode nearby items. The by-products must be NON-CORROSIVE.

Segmentation is not permitted. During storage, several individual compounds exhibit non-corrosive properties while unified or interacting through chemical bonds. During subsequent reactions, the unifying interaction is absent, making them corrosive.

Example—Avoiding Groupthink

To obtain opinions that are more DIVERSE, the feedback should be collected while the group is separated. To reach a final consensus, the group’s ideas need to be UNIFORM.

Several individuals can be included. During the process of reaching a consensus opinion, the grouped individuals are uniform. Separating individuals before idea generation ensures that their ideas are diverse.

Segmentation is not permitted. During the generation of a consensus opinion, several individuals possess the quality of being uniform while unified or interacting through a communication field. During idea generation, the unifying interaction is absent, allowing them to be diverse.

Practice—Two Tining Rake

Practice—Metallic Film

Practice—Take Smaller Bites

Practice—Fish to the Rescue

Practice—A Slight Polishing

Practice—Two Tining Rake

Practice—Special Delivery

Practice—Storing Almost Protons

Practice—Special Delivery II

Method: Merging--Countering

Method

Elements are configured, oriented, or designed to oppose each other by (method). Separating the (elements) during (condition A) makes them (setting A). During (condition B), the merged (elements) oppose each other, making them (setting B).

Explanation

This section discusses how objects can be configured, oriented, or designed to counter one another[45]. Even though they may oppose each other separately, they share the same context. When brought together, they adopt opposing characteristics.

Example—Opposing Messages

The messages must be VERY EFFECTIVE in order to provoke discussion among the students. To help the students calm down and consider both sides of the issue, these messages should have NO EFFECT.

Elements are configured, oriented, or designed to counter one another by (expressing strongly opposing viewpoints). Separating the (messages) during (discussion) renders them (highly effective). During (group discussion), the combined (messages) conflict with each other, resulting in (no effect).

Example—Pile Driving

During driving the pile needs to be SHARP in order to drive fast. During supporting, the pile needs to be BLUNT in order to support well.

Elements are configured, oriented or designed to oppose each other by (orienting them to oppose each other). Separating the (piles) during (driving) makes them (sharp). During (supporting) the merged (piles) oppose each other making them (blunt).

Practice—The Beat Goes On

Method: Merging--Extraction

Method

The (element) has several identifiable components. During (condition A), the (crucial piece) is separated, making it (Setting A). During (condition B), the (crucial piece) is reunited, forming it (Setting B).

Explanation

The principle of extraction[46] also occurs in Separation in Space. During separation in space, one part of the element in question takes on one property, while the rest of the element takes on opposing properties. This differs from segmentation/merging tools, where the whole assumes one property when separate and the opposite property when merged. This principle is particularly useful when the system can be divided into functional units. A crucial part of the original element is made easily removable. Under one condition, the system is separated in space using the principle of extraction. The separated part retains one property, while the remainder has the opposing property. When the elements are remerged, the extracted element resumes the opposing property of the rest of the system.

Common Example—Refueling of Aircraft in Flight

The fueling system must be EXTENDED during refueling to make contact with the refueling aircraft. The fueling system must be RETRACTED during normal flight to minimize drag.

The (fueling system) comprises several identifiable components. During (refueling), the (intake nozzle) is separated, making it (extended). During (normal flight), the (intake nozzle) is rejoined, making it (retracted).

Example—Newspaper Coupons

The newspaper needs to be AT HOME for convenient reading. The newspaper should be AT THE STORE for reference while shopping.

The (newspaper) contains several identifiable sections. During (shopping), the (product ads) are separated, making them (at the store). While (reading), the (newspaper) is brought together, making it (at home).

Common Example—Prison

There may come a time when some individuals demonstrate to society that they are not capable of handling certain freedoms. A convicted felon is often viewed as dangerous and is REJECTED by society during the reformation process. However, everyone deserves the opportunity to prove themselves capable of coexisting with others. If a felon has been reformed, they need to be NURTURED by society to facilitate their integration.

Society has several identifiable components. During (reformation), the (convicted felon) is isolated, which leads to their being (rejected). During (probation), the (felon) is reintegrated, allowing them to be (nurtured).

Example—Digital Signals

For all electromagnetic signals to travel through space, they must exist for part of their life as “analog” signals. These are continuous waveforms that propagate in predictable ways and maintain their form in space and time. Digital waveforms require square features, which are actually the combination of many continuous waveforms. As they move through space, the change in amplitude of these various components is less predictable. To travel in an orderly manner, the waveform shape must be SMOOTH or continuous. For the waveform to be effective, it must be SQUARE or discontinuous.

The (signal) has several identifiable components. During (usage), the (extracted peaks) are separated, rendering them (square or discontinuous). During (transmission), the (extracted peaks) are combined, resulting in a (smooth and continuous) form.

Practice—Super Yacht

Method: Merging--Adjustable Numbers

Method

Multiple elements are available for adjustable use. During condition A, many elements are utilized to provide Setting A. During condition B, few elements are employed to provide Setting B.

Explanation

An element may be segmented or multiple elements may be employed to make the system adjustable[47]. The multiple components can be utilized in sufficient numbers to meet the required conditions. This is quite similar to rearranging, unfolding, and merging, except that the number of elements to be merged is adjustable, with some usually reserved for use when necessary.

Example—Adjustable Rocket Thrust

The rocket initially requires LOW THRUST for a small payload. Later, it requires HIGH THRUST for larger payloads.

Multiple thrusters are available for adjustable use. During large payloads, many thrusters are activated to provide high thrust. During small payloads, fewer elements are engaged to deliver low thrust.

Example—Adjustable Train Length

The train needs HIGH CAPACITY for transporting large quantities of goods. It requires LOW CAPACITY for fewer goods.

Multiple cars are available for adjustable use. During high demand, many cars are used to provide high capacity. During low demand, fewer cars are used to provide low capacity.

Example—Adjustable Beds

LOW SLEEPING CAPACITY is required for a few patients. HIGH SLEEPING CAPACITY is required for multiple patients.

Multiple beds are available for adjustable use. During instances with multiple patients, many beds are used to provide high sleeping capacity. In situations with few patients, fewer elements are utilized to achieve low sleeping capacity.

Example—Adjustable Table Size

A LARGE table is needed for many guests, while a SMALL table suffices for few guests.

Multiple table leaves are available for adjustable use. During gatherings with many guests, multiple leaves are added to create a large table. Conversely, for a few guests, fewer leaves are utilized to form a small table.

Example—Adjustable Workforce

During high sales, a HIGH PRODUCTION THROUGHPUT is required. During low sales, a LOW PRODUCTION THROUGHPUT is necessary.

Multiple workers are available for flexible use. During high sales, many workers are utilized to achieve high production throughput. During low sales, fewer workers are employed to ensure low production throughput.

This is efficiently accomplished through the use of contract workers.

Example—Adjustable Instructions

The instructions need to be SIMPLE to be understood by observers of a contest. They need to be DETAILED to be comprehended by the judges of the contest.

Multiple instructions are available for adjustable use. During judging, many instructions are utilized to provide detail. During observation, few elements are employed to ensure understanding.

Method: Rearranging--Two Objects

Method

Two distinct elements are used. During condition A, setting A is used. During condition B, setting B is used.

Explanation

Use two separate objects. The objects are similar in most respects except that they have conflicting properties. The first one is used and then the other. This method of separating in time is often overlooked because it seems too simple. However, it is more powerful than it appears.

Example—Gas Torch

A LARGE flame is needed for cutting thick plates. A SMALL flame is necessary for cutting thin plates.

Two distinct flames are used. During the process of cutting thick plates, the large one is utilized. While cutting thin plates, the small one is employed.

Example—Different Types of Signals

An ANALOG signal is used for long-distance transmission, while a DIGITAL signal is used for short-distance transmission.

Two distinct signals are utilized. During long-distance transmission, the analog signal is employed, whereas the digital signal is used for short-distance transmission.

Example—Sandpaper

COARSE sandpaper is needed to shape the wood, while FINE sandpaper is essential for smoothing the wood’s surface.

Two distinct types of sandpaper are used. Coarse sandpaper is utilized during the shaping process, and fine sandpaper is employed during the smoothing process.

Example—Pile Driving

A SHARP pile is required during driving. A BLUNT pile is needed during supporting.

Two distinct piles are utilized. During driving, the sharp one is employed. During supporting, the blunt one is used.

After driving, the sharp pile, specifically designed for this purpose, is extracted, and the blunt one is driven into the resulting hole. Additionally, the sharp pile can have features that enhance driving, including strength, low mass, and high stiffness, which facilitate quicker pile driving.

Example—Offsetting Organizations

A THOROUGH group is needed to ensure the analysis is accurate. A SUPERFICIAL group is essential for determining which experts should be consulted.

Two distinct groups are utilized. During the process of identifying the experts, the superficial group is employed. For the analysis, the thorough group is engaged.

Example—Offsetting Messages

The message needs to be DIRECT to the group to ensure it is understood and INDIRECT to the individual to be kind.

Two distinct messages are used. During group meetings, the direct one is employed. During individual meetings, the indirect one is utilized.

Example—Different Solvents

A NON-POLAR solvent must be used to dissolve the grease. A POLAR solvent must be used to remove the salt residue.

Two distinct solvents are utilized. During grease removal, the non-polar solvent is applied. During salt removal, the polar solvent is used.

Practice—Take Smaller Bites

Method: Rearranging--Reorienting Non-Uniform

Method

Part of a single (element) is (Setting A) while another part is (Setting B). During (condition A), the non-uniform (element) is oriented so that (Setting A) is emphasized. During (condition B), the (element) is reoriented to emphasize (Setting B).

Explanation

A single element can possess conflicting properties, making it non-uniform[48]. In one scenario, the element is oriented in a way that highlights one property as advantageous, while in another scenario, it is positioned such that the conflicting property becomes beneficial. Examples of non-uniform properties include levers, standing waves, and concentrated additives, particularly active ingredients.

Common Example—Sports Uniforms

To differentiate between members of various sports teams, having jerseys in distinct colors is advantageous. This is especially important during practice when teams may frequently change for different plays. Owning two jerseys can be costly and requires maintenance for both. In this case, the sports jerseys should be RED and BLUE.

Part of a single (uniform) is (red) while another part is (blue). During (playing on one team), the non-uniform (uniform) is oriented so that (red) is emphasized. During (playing on another team), the (uniform) is reoriented so that (blue) is emphasized.

Common Example—Reinforcing a Point

While teaching a subject, it is necessary to gain the audience’s attention with a memorable opening story or situation. As the lesson progresses, it is vital to provide information that may not be as engaging as the opening story. In order to retain the information, it needs to be reviewed at a later date. All that may be remembered is the memorable story, which is now disconnected in the mind of the student. The reinforced lesson must include both STORIES and INFORMATION.

Part of a single lesson comprises stories, while another part consists of information. During teaching, the non-uniform lesson is oriented so that information is emphasized. During review, the lesson is reoriented so that stories are emphasized.

Example—Pile Driving

The pile needs to be sharp to drive rapidly and must be blunt to provide good vertical support.

Part of a single pile is sharp, while another part is blunt. During driving, the non-uniform pile is oriented to emphasize sharpness. During supporting, the pile is reoriented to highlight bluntness.

By driving the pile, the blunt end engages at the right moment to ensure the pile can provide adequate lateral support.

Practice—Soft Water

Practice—Super Yacht

Practice—Take Smaller Bites

Method: Rearranging--Rearranging & Unfolding Parts

Method

(Multiple or segmented elements) are coordinated together. During (condition A), the pieces are oriented so that they are collectively in (Setting A). During (condition B), the pieces are oriented so that they are collectively in (Setting B).

Explanation

An element is segmented[49] or multiple elements are utilized. The various components have a single arrangement which confers upon them a unified property. When the components are rearranged, they adopt the conflicting property. If feasible, the changing conditions should induce the transformation. Nesting[50] components often enables pieces to fit together compactly.

Example—Pile Driving

The pile must be SHARP while driving and BLUNT while supporting.

(Segmented Piles) are coordinated together. During (driving), the pieces are oriented so that they are collectively (sharp). During (supporting), the pieces are oriented so that they are collectively (blunt).

The pile consists of multiple nested tubes shaped into a SHARP point by a cap that sits on top. Later, the cap is removed, and the outer layers are driven until they are flush with the point, thus becoming BLUNT.

Example—Pile Driving

The pile must be SHARP while driving and BLUNT while supporting.

(Segmented Piles) are coordinated together. During (driving) the pieces are aligned so that they are collectively (sharp). During (supporting), the pieces are oriented so that they are collectively (blunt).

The pile has components that can be arranged to make it either sharp or blunt. A mechanism controls its shape. When the pile is being driven, it is SHARP. When the pile reaches a certain depth, the mechanism is released, and the pile becomes BLUNT with further driving.

Example—Folding Chair

A camping chair must be COMPACT to be easily transportable. When in use, a chair typically occupies a LARGE VOLUME.

(Segmented chair elements) are assembled together. During (transportation), the pieces are aligned to be collectively (compact). In (use), the pieces are arranged to be collectively (a large volume like a chair).

Example—Self-Adjusting Nut Driver

To be universal, a nut driver must be SHAPE A when driving a shape A nut. The driver must be SHAPE B when using a shape B nut.

(Segmented driver head elements) are coordinated together. During (driving a shape A nut), the pieces are oriented so that they collectively form (shape A). During (driving a shape B nut), the pieces are oriented so that they collectively form (shape B).

The nut driver consists of multiple pins packed closely together, but they can retract into the case, thereby conforming to the shape of the nut being turned.

Example—Expandable Cup

The cup needs to be CUP-SHAPED during drinking and needs to be COMPACT during transportation and storage.

(Segmented cup pieces) are coordinated together. During (storage and transportation), the pieces are oriented so that they collectively form (compact). During (drinking), the pieces are oriented so that they collectively form (cup-shaped).

(Segmented driver head elements) are coordinated together. During (driving a shape A nut), the pieces are oriented so that they collectively represent (shape A). During (driving a shape B nut), the pieces are oriented so that they collectively represent (shape B).

The nut driver consists of numerous pins packed closely together but allows them to retract into the case, thus conforming to the shape of the nut being turned.

Example—Expandable Cup

The cup needs to be CUP-SHAPED while drinking and must be COMPACT during transportation and storage.

(Segmented cup pieces) are coordinated together. During (storage and transportation), the pieces are oriented so that they are collectively (compact). During (drinking), the pieces are oriented so that they are collectively (cup-shaped).

The cup is composed of many nested segments. The cup can be formed into a CUP SHAPE or collapsed into a COMPACT shape.

Example—Collapsible Pointer

A pointer needs to be LONG for ease of pointing. It needs to be SHORT to fit into a pocket.

(Segmented pointer pieces) are coordinated together. During (storage in a pocket), the pieces are oriented so that they are collectively (short). During (pointing), the pieces are oriented so that they are collectively (long).

The pointer is composed of many nested segments. It can be collapsed to be SHORT or expanded to make it LONG.

Example—Escalator

The moving stairs need to be STAIR-SHAPED while lifting. They must be FLAT during entry and exit to ensure safety.

(Multiple stair steps) are coordinated together. During (entry or exit), the pieces are oriented so that they are collectively (flat). During (lifting), the pieces are oriented so that they are collectively (stair-shaped).

Practice—Take Smaller Bites

Practice—Traffic Light

Practice—A Post and an Outpost

Practice—Two Tining Rake

Method: Rearranging--Reorienting Attachments

Method

Two objects, referred to as (Setting A) and (Setting B), are connected to each other. During (condition A), the components are arranged so that (Setting A) becomes active. During (condition B), the components are arranged so that (Setting B) becomes active.

Explanation

Two objects are connected, each possessing conflicting properties. In one orientation, the whole exhibits the property of one of the attached elements. In another orientation, the whole showcases the conflicting property. Note that this is primarily a Separation in Space. The reorientation then transforms this into a Separation in Time.

Example—Fixed and Rotating Fixtures

The gimbal must be ROTATABLE during operation A. It must be FIXED during operation B.

Two (gimbals) that are (rotatable) and (fixed) are connected to each other. During (condition A), the pieces are arranged so that (rotatable) is activated. During (condition B), the pieces are arranged so that (fixed) is activated.

Example—Pencil and Eraser

The writing instrument needs to WRITE while the writing process is going smoothly. It must ERASE when mistakes occur.

Two (writing instruments) which are (writing) and (erasing) are connected to each other. During (writing), the instruments are oriented so that (writing) comes into action. During (errors), the instruments are oriented so that (erasing) comes into action.

Example—Sales Pitch

A new employee needs to be able to deliver SALES PITCH A when an impulsive customer enters the showroom and SALES PITCH B when an analytical customer enters the showroom.

Two (sales pitches) which are (sales pitch A) and (sales pitch B) are connected to each other. During (impulsive customer) the pitches are oriented so that (sales pitch A) comes into action. During (analytical customers) the pitches are oriented so that (sales pitch B) comes into action.

Example—Customer Relations

The impact of a customer meeting with another company for the first time can be significantly influenced by whether the customer is introduced to a group with poor customer appeal or to an individual with strong customer appeal. When the customer is getting to know the capabilities of the company, those with poor customer appeal can still showcase their abilities without negative consequences.

Two groups—one with strong customer appeal and the other with poor customer appeal—are connected to each other. During the customer meeting, the elements are arranged so that strong customer appeal is highlighted. While showcasing talents, the elements are arranged to allow poor customer appeal to come into play.

Example—Pile Driving

The pile must be SHARP while driving and BLUNT while supporting.

Two piles that are sharp and blunt are connected to each other. During driving, the components are positioned so that the sharp side is utilized. During supporting, the components are oriented so that the blunt side is engaged.

This is a true reorientation because the blunt part does not touch the ground initially. The act of driving brings the blunt surface into play.

Practice—Two Tining Rake

Method: Rearranging--Changing Direction

Method

Changing the direction of the (crucial feature) allows for adjustments to be made. During (condition A), the (crucial feature) is positioned so that (Setting A) is activated. During (condition B), the (crucial feature) shifts direction, allowing (Setting B) to take effect.

Explanation

This is accomplished by first separating the directions and then reorienting them to change properties over time.

Example—Pile Driving

The pile must be SHARP while driving and BLUNT while supporting. Changing the direction of the pile point allows the setting to be altered.

During driving, the pile point is oriented so that the sharp end comes into play. During supporting, the pile point changes direction so that the blunt end comes into play.

Example—Beaker

The beaker must CONTAIN THE FLUID for productive work. The beaker must NOT CONTAIN THE FLUID during rinsing.

Changing the orientation of the entire beaker allows for the setting to be adjusted. During productive work, the beaker is positioned so that containing the fluid is effective. During rinsing, the beaker changes position to ensure that not containing the fluid is effective.

Example—Rotating Wing Aircraft

The aircraft requires high upward lift during takeoff and landing in order to operate in limited spaces. The aircraft demands significant lateral force while flying in order to maneuver rapidly.

Changing the direction of the propeller allows for adjustments in settings. During takeoff and landing, the propeller is oriented to generate upward lift. While flying, the propeller adjusts direction to create lateral force.

Example—Cylindrical Shape

The object needs to be ROUND during insertion to enter the hole and seat properly. The object must be SQUARE to prevent it from falling into the holes prematurely during assembly preparation.

Changing the orientation of the (object) allows the setting to be adjusted. During (insertion), the (object) is positioned so that (round) is utilized. During (assembly preparation), the (object) changes orientation so that (square) is utilized.

Example—Chopsticks

The chopsticks must be SANITARY in order to serve food to people and they must be UNSANITARY since they have been used in people’s mouths.

Changing directions of (chopsticks) allows the setting to be changed. During (serving) the (chopsticks) are oriented so that (sanitary) comes into play. During (eating) the (chopsticks) changes direction so that (unsanitary) comes into play.

Practice—Special Delivery II

Practice—Take Smaller Bites

Method: Use Copy or Facsimile

Method

The essential part of the element can be copied into a copy name—consider the list above. During condition A, the copy name is set to Setting A. During condition B, the original is set to Setting B.

Explanation

The copy[51] or facsimile retains the essential properties of the original object but under one condition. Later, the original object is required where the conflicting property is needed.

Example—Silk Flowers

During the winter, the flowers must be cold-tolerant. During the summer, the flowers must not be cold-tolerant, as certain varieties behave this way.

The appearance of the flower can be replicated in a silk flower. During winter, the silk flower is cold-tolerant. During summer, the real flower is not cold-tolerant.

Example—Training Props

When training emergency response personnel, the individuals being trained should be RESILIENT to avoid injury from incorrect procedures; however, they must be FRAGILE during an emergency, as this is unavoidable.

The (functioning of the lungs and heart) of the (individuals) can be simulated in a (mannequin). During (training), the (mannequin) is (resilient). In (emergencies), the (accident victim) is (fragile).

Example—Dummy Runs

The machined parts must be INEXPENSIVE when setting up the machine to avoid wasting money on parts that will not be used. During production, the parts must be EXPENSIVE because that is unavoidable.

The (part feature) of the (machined parts) can be transferred into a (wood block). During (setup), the (dummy piece) is (inexpensive). During (production), the (machined parts) are (costly).

Example—Tax Preparation

The tax form must be MESSY during preparations due to mistakes and corrections. The tax return must be LEGIBLE when filed to avoid errors by those processing the form.

The (information) on the (tax form) can be copied onto a (paper copy). During (preparation), the (paper copy) is (messy). During (filing), the (tax form) is (legible).

Example—Vaccine

To train the body to fight a disease during treatment, the virus must be HARMLESS to avoid causing harm. When the patient encounters the real virus, it will be HARMFUL, as that is the nature of viruses.

The (outer shape) of the (virus) can be replicated into a (vaccine). During (treatment), the (vaccine) is (harmless). During (exposure to the disease), the (virus) is (harmful).

Practice—Too Flexible

Practice—Special Delivery

Simplifying Resulting Additions of Functional Elements

Method

Visit TRIZ Power Tools— Reducing Offering Burdens to streamline the incorporation of functions, materials, objects, and more.

Explanation

Unfortunately, Separation in Time often necessitates the addition of objects or materials. This is unfavorable from the perspective of ideal resource utilization. For this reason, we may utilize simplification techniques to eliminate the drawbacks.

Separate Gradually

Explanation of Gradual Separation

Gradual Separation[52] usually starts with one property and transitions to the other. The initial actions provide only a partial resolution of the contradiction. This differs from Separation in Time because, with Separation in Time, we aim to change the property from one to the other all at once. Here, we are satisfied to do this incrementally, even if it only takes a moment. Below are the tests and various strategies for Gradual Separation.

Test For Gradual Separation

Test: Will a complete resolution of the contradiction allow starting with (setting A) and ending with (setting B) or its equivalent? If “yes,” then try to separate gradually. Otherwise, go to separate in space.

Example—Long Distance Swimming

To train for long swims, it is essential to have ample water so that the swimmer does not have to make numerous turns. However, this is impractical in the pool because there is limited water.

Test: Will a complete resolution of the contradiction allow beginning with (little) (water) and ending with (much) (water) or its equivalent? This would be permissible, so we will attempt to separate gradually.

Example—Pile Driver

The pile must be SHARP while driving and BLUNT while supporting.

Test: Will a complete resolution of the contradiction allow starting with (sharp) (piles) and ending with (blunt) (piles) or their equivalent? This would be permissible, so we will attempt to separate gradually.

Practice—Eternal Sand

Practice—What’s Up Dock

Practice—Log Jam

Method: Repeated Use

Method

(Setting A) (element) is used over and over which is equivalent to (setting B) (element). (Method of reconditioning) is used to make this happen.

Explanation

A variable is utilized repeatedly, often after being recycled. This typically involves a repetitive or circular process which requires constant or periodic reconditioning of the reused materials to restore them to working order[53]. This means that a physical phenomenon must be identified that reconditions, along with a tool to deliver this physical phenomenon.

Example—Lap Pool

To train for long swims, it is essential to have a significant amount of water so that the swimmer does not need to make many turns. However, this is impractical to achieve in the pool because there is a limited amount of water.

(Limited) (water) is used repeatedly, which is equivalent to (abundant) (water). (Recirculation of the water) is employed to facilitate this.

Example—Continuous Use of Machinery

To produce many parts, a significant number of production machines are needed. To minimize costs, however, only a FEW production machines will suffice.

(Few) (production machines) are utilized repeatedly, which is comparable to using (many) (production machines). (Continuous use) makes this possible.

Example—Space Capsule

In space, a LOT of air is required for the astronauts to breathe. Unfortunately, there is only a limited amount of air available, and increasing the quantity of compressed air would make the capsule too heavy.

(Little) (air) is used repeatedly, which is equivalent to (much) (air). (A method of reconditioning) is employed to achieve this.

This illustrates the useful TRIZ tool of REGENERATION.

Example—Moving Heavy Statues

To move a heavy statue, a significant number of logs are needed in a line leading to the site. Unfortunately, there are only a few logs available.

(Few) (logs) are reused repeatedly, which is equivalent to (many) (logs). (Replacing worn logs) is done to achieve this.

Example—Belt

In order to rotate a pulley a LOT of rope is required. Unfortunately, only LITTLE rope is available.

(A short) (rope) is used over and over which is equivalent to (a long) (rope). (Occasional maintenance) is used to make this happen.

This is an example of the TRIZ tool of SPHEROIDALITY[54].

Practice—Eternal Sand

Practice—Radiation Treatment

Practice—Special Delivery

Practice—Molecular Wind Pump

Method: Maturing / Proliferation

Method

The (element) is capable of self-organization through (method). During (condition A), the (element) starts as (setting A). Over time, the (element) matures or proliferates to become (setting B) during (condition B).

Explanation

Some contradictions are resolved very slowly. In such cases, we must wait for something to develop. This indicates a self-organizing structure. It may be possible to achieve this without living structures…

Example—Growing Plants

The shade producer needs to be SMALL when the plant is young to ensure that the plant receives adequate light. The shade producer needs to be LARGE when the plant is mature to prevent sunburn during the heat of summer.

The shade producer is capable of self-organization through biological growth. During the time when the plant is young, the shade producer starts as small. Over time, the shade producer matures or proliferates to become large during the period when the plant requires ample shade.

A secondary shade plant is cultivated alongside the primary plant. Both thrive together, with the shade provider always capable of permitting enough light for the plant that needs shade.

Example—Caterpillar and Butterfly

The caterpillar must be SLOW AND METHODICAL during its early stages to gather food. It must be FAST during adulthood to locate a suitable mate.

The (caterpillar) is capable of self-organization through (biological growth). During (youth), the (caterpillar) begins as (slow). Over time, the (caterpillar) matures and develops to become (fast) during the (search for a mate).

Practice—Special Delivery

Method: Separate Use

Method

Individual elements that are under setting A gradually come into play during condition A. In the end, the cumulative effect is setting B.

Explanation

The elements, each having one setting, come into use one at a time. Over time, the overall effect contrasts with that of the individual pieces. This concept is very similar to the Separation Between the Parts and the Whole, with the distinction that the parts accumulate over time.

Example—Paper Plates

The plates must be DURABLE to withstand multiple meals. The plates should have a LOW LIFESPAN to remain affordable.

Individual plates that are low in quality come into play gradually during many meals. In the end, the cumulative effect is durable plates.

This is an example of CHEAP SHORT LIFE[55] one of the original principles of invention.

Example—Small Explosions

The explosions need to be small during the demolition because that is all that is available. They need to be large in order to move a significant amount of earth.

Individual (explosions) that are (small) occur gradually during (excavation). In the end, the cumulative effect is a (large) (explosion).

Example—Big Impact Statements

Only SMALL impact statements are feasible within the available time slots. However, the impact of the statement must be LARGE.

Individual statements that have a small impact come into play gradually during available time slots. In the end, the cumulative effect is a large impact statement.

Method: Gradually Merged

Method

Multiple or segmented elements are available. Gradually merging the elements of setting A during condition A results in the equivalent of the elements of setting B.

Explanation

Gradually merged elements tend to adopt the opposing characteristics of the individual components. Objects may be segmented[56] to facilitate this approach. Arrange the individual parts so that the merged whole exhibits the conflicting properties of the original parts. Additional components can do more than just touch; they can nest[57], interweave, or blend together. They can also merge at the micro level. Partial actions can likewise be combined to create a complete action.

Example—Pile Driver

The piles need to be SLIM during driving and STRONG to support the load.

Multiple or segmented piles are available. Gradually merging the slim piles during driving results in the equivalent of strong piles.

Example—Large Brick Structure

The structure needs to be SMALL because the only structural elements available for construction are small bricks. It also needs to be LARGE because the final structure must be large.

Multiple or segmented structures can be created. Gradually merging the small structures during construction results in the equivalent of large structures.

Example—Reservoir

LARGE AMOUNTS of water are required for farms. SMALL AMOUNTS of water are all that is available during the winter.

Multiple or segmented (water) is available. Gradually merging the (small amounts of) (water) during (the winter) results in the equivalent of (large amounts of) (water).

Example—Storage of Solar Energy

SMALL AMOUNTS of electricity are available during the day. LARGE AMOUNTS of electricity are needed during the evening.

STORAGE: Multiple or segmented amounts of electricity are available. Gradually merging small amounts of energy throughout the day results in the equivalent of large amounts of energy in a battery system.

Practice—Radiation Treatment

Practice—Special Delivery

Practice—Super Yacht

Practice—Molecular Wind Pump

Method: Merging--Merged Interaction

Method

Multiple or segmented elements are available. Each element (setting A) that is merged during condition A with the already merged elements becomes setting B by method.

Explanation

Parts are gradually integrated into the system. As they are added, they are transformed into the new property based on what is already present.

Example—Pile Driving

The pile needs to be SHARP while driving and BLUNT while supporting.

Multiple or segmented piles are available. Each sharp pile that merges during driving with the already integrated piles becomes blunt by pushing down on a ledge that protrudes with a lip.

Example—Square Bread Rolls

The rolls need to be ROUND because they are easier to form this way. They need to be SQUARE because they store more efficiently that way.

Multiple or segmented rolls are available. Each round roll that is combined with the already merged rolls becomes square by pushing them together.

Example—Training a Group

The group must be UNTRAINED because the only available trainees are untrained. The group needs to be TRAINED to be productive.

Multiple or segmented (group members) are available. Each (untrained) (group member) that is merged with the already merged (group members) becomes (trained) through (training from those already present).

Example—Melting a Metal

The metal must be solid as the only available form is solid. It needs to be melted to enable production.

Multiple or segmented metal elements are available. Each solid metal element that fuses with previously merged metal elements becomes liquid by being melted by the already melted components.

Practice—Special Delivery

Method: Gradually Hidden / Exposed

Method

The (element) already possesses both properties. (Setting A) is preferable and (setting B) is not. The (elements) gradually merge in a way that conceals (setting B) until the entire structure is (setting A).

Explanation

This method applies only to elements that already possess both properties, but one of the properties is undesirable and we want it to be removed. To achieve this, we conceal the unwanted property with parts of the other elements that have the desired property. Notice in the figure to the right that all of the negative signs are hidden in the center. They are completely surrounded by the parts of the element that are positive. Consequently, the entire element appears to exhibit the positive property. This typically applies to multiple elements (whether the same, similar, or dissimilar) that have an undesirable property. Keep in mind that elements can do more than simply touch; they can also interweave or nest[58] within one another. They can also be mixed in various orientations.

Example—Square and Round Shapes

The element possesses both properties. (Round) is preferred, while (square) is unappealing. The (shapes) gradually blend in a way that conceals (square) until the entirety becomes (round).

Example—Unprotected Tanks

Each tank is PROTECTED from the front and VULNERABLE from the rear when no other forms of protection are in place.

The tanks already possess both properties. Protected is desirable, while vulnerable is undesirable. The tanks gradually merge in a manner that conceals the vulnerabilities until the whole is protected.

As tanks arrive and “circle up,” newly arriving tanks back up to other tanks, thereby obscuring the inherent vulnerabilities each tank possesses.

Method: Gradually Transformed

Method

The (element) (critical region) is made from (transformable material). During (condition A), the (element) transforms from (setting A) to (setting B).

Explanation

Separation in Time considers the bulk transformation of objects to alter their properties. Often, this transformation is gradual. This gradual change can be beneficial under certain conditions. As with all cases where we Separate Gradually, we begin with one property and end with another. Unfortunately, the knob setting must pass through a state of compromise. This may be effective in some instances but diminishes the overall power of this tool.

Example—Pile Driving

The pile must be SHARP while being driven and BLUNT while supporting.

The (pile) (tip) is made from (abradable material). During (driving), the (pile) transforms from (sharp) to (blunt).

Practice—Special Delivery

Method: Gradually Added Fields

Method

The (element) (critical region) can be adjusted from (setting A) to (setting B) by gradually adding a (field type) field. During (condition A), the (element) transitions from (setting A) to (setting B).

Explanation

Separation in Time considers the addition of fields to objects to change their properties. Often, this transformation is gradual. A more gradual change can be beneficial under certain conditions. As in all cases where we Separate Gradually, we start with one property and end with another. Unfortunately, the adjustment must pass through a compromise state. This may work in some instances but makes this tool less effective.

Practice—Special Delivery

Separate in Space

Explanation of Separation in Space

Separation in Space[59] was one of the earliest discovered methods for resolving contradictions. At one critical moment in time, BOTH properties are expressed. For instance, when a book is being read, it is necessary for the pages to be stiff so that they lay flat and are easier to handle. At the same moment, it is also required for the pages to be flexible to allow for easy turning. This is effectively achieved by making some pages stiff and the others flexible. Some of the most challenging problems are solved by employing separation in space. The fact that some objects require two conflicting properties at the same critical instant makes a problem seem difficult. Notice that the methods progress from completely separate objects to identifying locations within an object or space that have conflicting properties.

Test for Separation in Space

Test: During (critical time) (setting A) is essential (where condition A exists). (Setting B) is essential (where condition B exists). Must these conditions (and settings) overlap in space? If so, proceed to Separate between the Parts and the Whole.

Explanation

We have already demonstrated that we can have a test for Separation in Time. This test can save a lot of time by analyzing various methods. We would like to do the same with Separation in Space. This test will help us determine whether Separation in Space is feasible. If both settings must occur in the same space, then it is likely not possible to use this method.

If one of the conditions is never essential (useful and necessary), then the condition where this applies is any location that is permissible. Note that some methods may only weakly apply when one of the conditions is not essential.

Example—Controlled Explosions

During mining operations, it is necessary to precisely time a series of explosions. One way to achieve this is by dropping a conductive plug down a tube with electrical contacts spaced at exact intervals. As the conductive weight passes each set of contacts, continuity is established across them, and an explosive charge is detonated. Unfortunately, to ensure continuity, the force of the contacts against the conductive weight needs to be high. This causes the timing to become erratic. The plug must make CONTACT with the leads to complete the circuit and must NOT make CONTACT with the leads to maintain perfect timing.

This presents a significant issue because it seems so impossible. It is important to recognize that the problem is framed in a way that leads the problem solver to believe there is only one object. “The plug” must be in both intimate contact and in a state of no contact. We can never predict how a problem will manifest itself to us and the assumptions that will be placed upon us, whether by ourselves or by others.

Test: During (the moment when the plug passes a critical point in space), (intimate contact) is essential (where the conductor must transmit current across the connections). (No contact) is crucial (at any point where there is no interaction with the part of the plug that engages with the connections). Must these conditions (and settings) overlap in space? If there is no interaction at all, then overlap is not necessary. We conclude that there might be a possibility of separation in space.

Example—Pile Driving

We would prefer the pile to be SHARP to drive it more efficiently and we would also want it to be BLUNT to provide adequate support.

Test: During (supporting), (bluntness) is essential (where a supportive structure exists to prevent it from tipping over). (Sharpness) is critical where (nowhere) exists. These conditions do not overlap in space. However, since sharpness is necessary nowhere, we must ascertain where it is acceptable. It is acceptable anywhere that the vertical support is adequate to carry the vertical load that the sharp pile cannot handle. The sharp pile primarily bears the lateral loads.

Practice—Radiation Treatment

Practice—I Just Can’t Stop

Practice—Traffic Light

Practice—Super Yacht

Practice—Blistering Coils

Practice—What’s Up Dock

Practice—Special Delivery

Practice—Log Jam

Practice—The Beat Goes On

Method: Two Objects

Method

If more than one type of element is allowed, one element is set to A and a nearby element is set to B.

Explanation

Two objects exist with conflicting properties. This is a very powerful method of resolving contradictions, but it is often overlooked because it seems too simple. It is commonly described as a solution a small child might suggest to resolve a conflict. “If I need a dog to be big and small, why not have two dogs?” Certainly, in some contexts, this could be too costly, but there are many situations where this approach makes perfect sense and should not be dismissed.

Example—Pile Driving

The pile needs to be sharp in order to drive quickly and blunt in order to support effectively.

If more than one type of pile is allowed, one pile is sharp while a nearby pile is blunt.

Example—Needles

The needle needs to be large in order to sew thick and heavy pieces of fabric together. They need to be small to sew fine, delicate fabrics together.

If more than one type of needle is allowed, one needle is large while a nearby needle is small.

Example—Torches

The torch must have a HIGH FLAME to cut through thick pieces of metal. It needs to be a LOW FLAME for intricate cutting of thin materials.

If more than one type of torch is permitted, one torch should be a high flame and a nearby torch should be a low flame.

Example—Sandpaper

Sandpaper should be COARSE for shaping wood and FINE for finishing touches.

If more than one type of sandpaper is allowed, one piece should be coarse and a nearby piece should be fine.

Example—Construction Site Sprayer

The spray nozzle must emit HEAVY DROPLETS to saturate the ground while also producing a FINE MIST to settle airborne dust.

If more than one type of spray nozzle is permitted, one nozzle can be for heavy droplets and another nearby nozzle can be for fine mist.

Example—Military Division of Labor

The military group needs to have a PEACEKEEPING MISSION to prevent factions from harming one another. The military group requires a COMBAT MISSION to defeat the enemy.

If more than one type of (military group) is allowed, one (military group) has a (peacekeeping mission) and a nearby (military group) has a (combat mission).

Example—Instructions for the Flu

The message must INCITE ACTION to ensure that people will react and get flu shots. The message must REQUEST CALM to avoid mass hysteria.

If more than one type of (message) is allowed, one (message) is (inciting action) and a nearby (message) is (requesting calm).

Example—Woodworking Chemicals

The compound must STRIP epoxy to clean parts. The compound must HARDEN epoxy to make it durable.

If more than one type of compound is allowed, one compound must strip epoxy, and a nearby compound must harden epoxy.

Practice—Take Smaller Bites

Practice—Traffic Light

Practice—Two Tining Rake

Practice—Blistering Coils

Practice—Fish to the Rescue

Practice—Log Jam

Method: Extraction

Method

If the (element) can be divided into functional parts: The separated (element part) is (setting A). The (remaining element parts) are (setting B). The separated parts interact through (means).

Explanation

Using the principle of Extraction[61], the element with conflicting properties is divided into different functional elements. One part of the component must be separated out and assigned the conflicting property. This separation is necessary to grant the element the conflicting property. To achieve this, a method must be conceived that allows the extracted part to interact with the components it has been separated from. This interaction link distinguishes Extraction from the Two Objects method.

Example—Aircraft Refueling

During aircraft refueling, it is essential for the tanker to CONTACT the aircraft being refueled. The tanker must NOT CONTACT the refueled aircraft to avoid a crash.

If the tanker can be divided into functional parts: The separated fueling nozzle is in contact with the refueled craft, while the rest of the aircraft is not in contact. The separated parts interact through a long refueling line.

Example—Oven Sensor

The electronics of an oven sensor must be COLD to ensure longevity. However, the electronics must also get HOT to accurately sense temperature.

If the electronics can be divided into functional components: The separated electronic sensor is hot, while the remaining electronics are cold. The separated parts interact through wires.

Example—Dealing with Criminals

Society is DANGEROUS because criminal acts occur daily. Society must be BENIGN to ensure peaceful lives.

If society can be divided into functional parts: The separated criminals are dangerous. The rest of society is benign. The separated parts interact through the legal system.

Example—Quotes

A statement needs to be BRIEF to be impactful and not bore the audience. However, statements from many important people are LONG-WINDED.

If the (statement) can be separated into functional parts: The separated (quote) is (brief). The (rest of the statement) is (long-winded). The separated parts interact through (footnotes).

Example—Stirring Acid

To stir acid, a stirring element must EXIST IN THE ACID. To ensure longevity, the stirring element must NOT EXIST IN THE ACID.

If the (acid stirrer) can be separated into functional parts: The separated (stirring element) EXISTS (in the acid). The (rest of the stirrer) does NOT EXIST (in the acid). The separated parts interact through (a magnetic coupling).

Example—Extraction of Element

A compound must possess PROPERTY A to perform function A. It must have PROPERTY B to carry out function B.

If the compound can be divided into functional parts: The separated compound part is setting A. The remaining portion of the compound represents setting B. The separated parts interact through electrostatic fields.

Practice—Radiation Treatment

Practice—Construction Lights

Practice—Super Yacht

Practice—What’s Up Dock

Practice—Log Jam

Method: Path

Method

On path location A, the knob element is set to setting A. On path location B, the knob element is set to setting B.

Explanation

If motion or shape is involved in the conflicting properties, it is entirely possible for the property to have one value on one path and a conflicting value on another path.

Example—Circuit Board

Generally, it is preferable to have SHORT paths throughout a circuit board. This is particularly important for high-speed circuits where timing is crucial. However, there are instances when a LONG path is needed.

On a path (through the board) the (wire length) is (short). On a path (around the board) the (wire length) is (long).

Example—Heat Sensor

The temperature gradient must be HIGH to create a voltage potential with a thermopile. The temperature differential must be LOW to avoid stressing the attached electronic components.

On a path (along the axis) the (temperature gradient) is (high). On a path (across the end of the sensor) the (temperature gradient) is (low).

Example—Sidewalk Cracks

Sidewalk cracks must EXIST due to the high tension stresses caused by heat expansion and contraction. Sidewalk cracks must NOT EXIST since that would be aesthetically unacceptable. (Notice that we are not adjusting any factors that would eliminate the tendency to crack. Here is a good example of an “outcome” factor which must and must not be manipulated.)

On a path (along a notch), the (existence of a crack) is (present). On a path (in all other locations), the (existence of the crack) does (not occur).

Example—Pile Driving

The pile frontal area must be SMALL to drive rapidly. The frontal area must be LARGE to provide good support.

On a path (rotating along the axis of the pile), the (frontal area) is (small). On a path (moving linearly along the axis), the (frontal area) is (large).

This is somewhat of a whimsical way of making a pile both blunt and not blunt. If the pile is formed into a screw-like shape with a sharply defined end, it will twist as it goes in. Along this path, the pile’s frontal area is SMALL. However, when it is constrained and not allowed to turn, all of the material between the spirals increases the pile’s frontal area to LARGE. The pile would require a very coarse pitch to enable it to be pounded in.

Practice—Blistering Coils II

Practice—Radiation Treatment

Practice—I Just Can’t Stop

Method: Interact / Guide / Nestle / Penetrate

Method

The (element) is (setting A). The interacting (object) is (setting B). The objects (interact / guide / nestle or pass through each other).

Explanation

An extension of attaching conflicting objects to one another allows us to discover ways to enable these objects to interact from a distance, guide each other, nestle[64] within, or pass through one another. This may be necessary when we want to minimize physical contact with the conflicting objects. Keep in mind that these objects still exhibit both properties simultaneously.

Example—Spring in Housing

The spring must be STIFF to prevent buckling when compressed over long distances. It must also be FLEXIBLE to achieve a low spring rate for optimal operation.

The (spring) is (flexible). The interacting (spring housing) is (stiff). The objects (pass through one another).

This concept was developed by examining a flexible spring inside a rigid spring. The rigid spring can be shaped in any configuration necessary to permit the movement of the inner spring. The outer spring conceptually transforms into a casing, which represents the ultimate rigid outer spring.

Example—Electric Motor

The electric motor circuit must be CONDUCTIVE to deliver electricity to the electromagnets on the armature. The circuit must also be INSULATING to cut off current to certain electromagnets on the armature. Simultaneously, the motor circuit should exhibit both insulating and conductive properties.

The (circuit) is (conductive). The surrounding (air) is (insulating). The objects (nestle) against each other.

The only electrically conductive path is through the brushes, since the air is insulating. This permits the selective activation of the electromagnets on the armature as it rotates.

Example—Co-located Security Group

The research center must be DEDICATED TO RESEARCH in order to perform the research effectively. It needs to be DEDICATED TO SECURITY in order to prevent security breaches. Balancing both roles can be too time-consuming for the researchers.

The (research center) is (dedicated to research). The interacting (security group) is (dedicated to security). The objects (nestle).

Practice—Controlled Explosions

Method: Attached Objects

Method

The (element or part of the element) is set to (setting A). The attached (object) is set to (setting B).

Explanation

One element possesses the desired property. It is linked to another element that has a conflicting property. This is different from a carrier. With a carrier, all parts adopt the property of the carrier.

In this case, both conflicting properties are necessary and expressed simultaneously. Another object can be attached, or the element can be divided into functional parts.

Example—Reflector

The reflector needs to be FLAT in order to reflect a strong signal back. It needs to be SPHERICAL to reflect a weak signal.

The (reflector) is (square). The attached (reflector) is (spherical).

Example—Apron

The apron must be FLUID-REPELLENT to prevent absorbing spray paint. It must also be FLUID-ABSORBENT to clean off paint that gets on the hands or arms of the sprayer.

The (apron) is (fluid-repellent). The attached (towel) is (fluid-absorbent).

Example—Pencil

The pencil must be CAPABLE OF WRITING to make marks on paper. It must be CAPABLE OF ERASING to remove marks from a paper.

The (pencil) is (capable of writing). The attached (eraser) is (capable of erasing).

Example—Police Interrogation Teams

The interrogation team must be SYMPATHETIC to the individual being interviewed to establish a trusting relationship when the person wants to talk. However, the team also needs to be UNSYMPATHETIC, as police are generally perceived that way and to reinforce the notion that the person being interrogated is in trouble.

The (team) is (unsympathetic). The attached (interrogator) is (sympathetic).

Example—Diapers

The diaper must be absorbent to draw moisture away from the body. It must be waterproof to prevent fluid leakage.

The (diaper) is (absorbent). The attached (exterior waterproof lining) is (waterproof).

Example—Instructions for the Flu

The message must INCITE ACTION in order for people to respond and get flu shots. The message must REQUEST CALMNESS to prevent mass hysteria.

The (message) is (designed to incite action). The attached (message) is (aimed at requesting calmness).

Example—Organization

The military needs to be ORGANIZED to coordinate activities. It must be AUTONOMOUS to conduct specialized missions.

The (military organization) is (centrally organized). The attached (special forces) is (autonomous).

Example—Roof Tiles

The roof needs to be made of WOOD in order to construct it with hand tools. It needs to be made of CERAMIC to effectively repel water.

The (roof) is (wood). The attached (tiles) are (ceramic).

Example—Toothbrush

The bristles must be FLEXIBLE to adapt to the teeth and disrupt the plaque on the teeth. They must be RIGID to be effectively guided by a hand.

The (handle) is (rigid). The attached (bristles) are (flexible).

Practice—I Just Can’t Stop

Method: Partly Carried

Method

Several (elements) can be used. Some of the (elements) which are (setting A) are attached to a (carrier) which is (setting B). The (carrier) and attached (elements) are collectively (setting B). The (elements or element parts) that are not carried are still (setting A).

Explanation

Here again is a combination of Separation Principles. A carrier [65] is attached to only some of the elements to provide them with the opposing property. The parts to which the carrier is not attached retain the opposing property.

Example—Pages in a Book

The pages need to be STIFF in order for the reader to easily control them while turning each page. The pages also need to be FLEXIBLE to allow for easy turning.

Several pages can be utilized. Some of the pages that are flexible are attached to a binding that is stiff. The binding and the attached pages are collectively stiff, while the parts of the pages that are not bound remain flexible.

Example—Carpet Fibers

The carpet fibers need to be STIFF to remain intact and look new at all times. They must also be FLEXIBLE to provide a soft touch.

Several types of fibers can be utilized. Some of these fibers, which are flexible, are connected to a stiff sheath. The sheath and the attached fibers are collectively stiff. The sections of the fibers that are not supported remain flexible.

Example—Combat vs. Peacekeeping

The military peacekeepers need to be COMBAT-READY in case of rapid enemy deployments. They must be SECURITY-READY in order to maintain peace.

Several military personnel can be utilized. Some of the military personnel, who serve as peacekeepers, are attached to a combat organization that is combat-ready. The combat organization and attached peacekeepers are collectively combat-ready. The peacekeepers who are not deployed are still security-ready.

Practice—Too Flexible

Practice—Super Yacht

Method: Partly Merged or Interacting

Method

Several elements can be used. They partially merge or interact through various methods of merging or interaction.The partially merged elements or parts of the elements are subject to setting A. All that remain unmerged are subject to setting B.

Example—Killing Tumors

The beam intensity must be HIGH INTENSITY in order to kill the tumor. It must be LOW INTENSITY to avoid damaging the surrounding tissue.

Several beams can be utilized. They partially merge or interact with each other by crossing the beams. The partially merged section of the beams is high intensity. All areas that remain unmerged are low intensity.

Example—Carpet Fibers

The carpet fibers need to be stiff in order to remain intact and appear new at all times. They need to be flexible to feel soft to the touch.

Several fibers can be used. They partially merge or interact by wrapping one fiber around the others. The partly merged fiber strands are stiff. All that remain unmerged are flexible.

Example—Group Education

The group of doctors should be TRAINED in a specific medical procedure to treat patients more effectively. The group of doctors should remain UNTRAINED to minimize training costs.

Several doctors can be utilized. They partially merge or interact by teaching each other the medical procedure. The partially merged doctors are considered TRAINED. All those who remain unmerged are UNTRAINED.

Method: Non-Uniform

Method

Only one (element) is allowed. One part of the (element) is (setting A). Another part of the same (element) is (setting B).

Explanation

A SINGLE ELEMENT has conflicting properties. (It is not uniform.) The brown box to the right presents several possible ways to create non-uniform conditions. Note that transformation devices have one property at the input and a conflicting property at the output. Finding a way to make an object non-uniform allows for fewer objects to be used, potentially reducing the cost of the objects. In mainstream TRIZ, this method is often referred to as Local Quality.

Example—Fence

The fence needs to be TALL to prevent large animals from escaping. It should be SHORT to stop small animals from getting out and to reduce costs.

Only one (fence) is allowed. One section of the (fence) is (tall). Another section of the same (fence) is (short).

Clearly, large animals must not be allowed to access the short end of the fence.

Example—Space Object Size Detector

A signal burst is emitted into space at a target to determine its size. If the object is much smaller than the wavelength, there is minimal reflection. The signal wavelength must be SHORT to detect small objects. The signal wavelength must be LARGE to detect large objects.

Only one (signal burst) is permitted. One component of the (signal burst) is (short wavelength). Another component of the same (signal burst) is (long wavelength).

In this case, the wavelength can be varied throughout the burst. At any given moment, the burst exhibits different wavelengths at different locations as it travels through space. The size of an object can be estimated by analyzing the wavelength of the signal that is reflected back.

Example—Lever

An actuator is powered by magnetostrictive materials, which have high force outputs but low displacements. The actuator needs to have HIGH movement to achieve long displacements. It must maintain LOW movement since the actuator is only capable of small movements.

Only one (beam) is allowed. One part of the (beam) is (slow). Another part of the same (beam) is (fast).

Instruments that transform energy are often good examples of Non-Uniform Separation in Space. A lever is LOW FORCE and FAST at the input, and HIGH FORCE and SLOW at the output.

Example—Non-Uniform Group

In order to feel comfortable, liberals must be surrounded by other LIBERALS. However, in certain areas of the country, the majority of people are CONSERVATIVES. Therefore, liberals are surrounded by them.

Only one (group) is allowed. One part of the (group) is (liberals). Another part of the same (group) is (conservatives).

When given the opportunity, individuals in a group tend to position themselves where they feel most comfortable. This leads to the group being non-uniform.

Example—Non-Uniform Story

The narrative must be a LOVE STORY to attract women. It also needs to be an ACTION STORY to engage men.

Only one story is permitted. One part of the story is a love story, while another part of the same story is an action story.

Often, a story or message begins very differently than it ends. For instance, a murder mystery may start with a pleasant description of a community and conclude with the revelation that a murderer has always lived among them.

Example—Bacterial Stain

For a study on pool bacteria, a dye must be introduced that stains the bacteria. The dye must be CONCENTRATED to effectively stain the bacteria present on a small section of the pool wall, and it must be DILUTE to prevent staining the other walls.

Only one stain is allowed. One part of the stain is concentrated. Another part of the same stain is diluted.

Practice—Radiation Treatment

Practice—Blistering Coils

Practice—Too Flexible

Practice—Soft Water

Practice—Super Yacht

Practice—The Beat Goes On

Method: Facsimile

Method

The (element) unfortunately has (setting A). However, we can modify its (appearance, sound, feel, smell, or effect) to make it resemble (setting B) when using (a type of facsimile that represents the key attributes).

Explanation

A facsimile[66] or representation of an object exhibits properties that are opposite to those of the actual object. On the right are several examples of facsimiles. These various methods emphasize only the key features of the object that we are interested in.

It is important to note that this is a method for Separating in Space; however, it is grouped here for convenience, as the test effectively supports this approach.

Example—Movie

The bullet in flight is FAST because that is how it is designed. The bullet must be SLOW in order to observe how it enters the target.

The (bullet) is unfortunately (fast). However, we can alter its (appearance) to appear (slow) when using (a movie of the bullet).

Example—Modeling an Explosion

The explosion occurs very QUICKLY, making it challenging to measure many characteristics throughout the explosion area. It needs to occur very SLOWLY to allow time to move around to different regions and measure the important attributes.

The (explosion) is unfortunately (quick). However, we can change its (appearance) to make it seem like it is (slow) when using (a model of the explosion).

Example—Organization Model

An actual organization must be ALTERED SLOWLY to avoid mistakes and resentment. It is also necessary to ALTER RAPIDLY to explore the different possibilities.

The (organization) is unfortunately (altered slowly). However, we can change its (appearance) to make it seem like it is (rapidly altered) by using (an organizational chart).

Example—Meeting Notes

The actual meeting may be quite lengthy and drawn out. It should be brief to minimize management time.

The (meeting duration) is unfortunately (extended). However, we can change its (appearance) to make it seem (brief) by using (a meeting summary).

Example—Vaccine

In order to obtain immunity, a VIRUS elicits the correct bodily response. Unfortunately, a virus can be deadly, so NO VIRUS should be used to keep people safe.

The (virus) is unfortunately (a virus). But we can change its (effect) to make it seem like it is (not a virus) when using (a vaccine).

Practice—Log Jam

Practice—Fish to the Rescue

Method: Selective Countering

Method

For actions, forces, or external attributes that depend on interactions such as beauty, part of the (element) has (countering forces, fields, or actions) in one location. In another location of the (element), the counter (counter forces, fields, or actions) do not exist.

Explanation

Blocking actions, forces, or fields can exist in one location. In another location, these actions, forces, or fields do not exist. The counteraction[67] nullifies the action in that area so the conflicting attributes have a setting in one area and the null setting in another.

Example—Football Play

The line needs to HOLD FIRM so that the quarterback is not overwhelmed. The line needs to GIVE WAY to create an opening for the ball carrier.

For actions, forces, or external attributes that depend on interactions such as beauty. Part of the offensive line has blocking in one area. In another part of the offensive line, the blocking actions do not occur.

Practice—I Just Can’t Stop

Method: On Condition

Method

One (element) is (location creating condition A) rendering it (setting A). Another (element) is (location creating condition B) rendering it (setting B)

Explanation

Conflicting conditions separated by space create scenarios where an element automatically possesses opposing properties due to being positioned in contrasting locations.

Example—Boat Mooring

The boat must be MOBILE to fish or engage in other recreational activities. The boat must be IMMOBILE to prevent drifting away when unoccupied.

One (boat) is (in the water) rendering it (mobile). Another (boat) is (on land) rendering it (immobile).

Example—Foams, Liquids, Floating Solids, Fluids in Motion

These materials can selectively allow large objects to pass through. They may block gases, other liquids, and very small objects. It is advisable to use inert materials for this purpose. In this scenario, evolving gases from a machining process are halted by a foam barrier. The foam is TRANSPARENT to large objects and OPAQUE to small objects.

One (high inertia body) is (through the foam) making it (transparent). Another (small inertia body) is (located anywhere the large inertia body is not) making it (opaque).

Note that wherever there is a large inertia force, there is a small resistance to the large inertia body. Everywhere else, there is a high resistance to small inertia bodies. This can also represent a separation in time. Whenever small inertial forces occur, there is a large resistance to transmit the small inertia body. Whenever large inertial forces occur, there is a small resistance to transmit the large inertia body.

Exercise–I Just Cant Stop

Separate Between the Parts and the Whole

Explanation of Separation Between the Parts and the Whole

The distinction between Parts and the Whole[68] is uniquely different from Separation in Time and Space. At the same critical moment and in the same space, a grouping of objects can possess a collective property while its parts may exhibit opposing properties.[69]

We can either hide one of the properties or display both, depending on how we arrange the parts. If we set them up so they don’t interact much with other elements, we might hide one property. However, if we arrange them to interact at their respective scales, then we can show both properties.

This separation principle is helpful when we want to hide one property. We can set the elements up to reduce important interactions, even hiding them if needed. Some might wonder, “When is it useful to only have one of the conflicting properties?” There are two common situations. The first is when something must both happen and not happen. For instance, something can be broken, but it also shouldn’t be. The second is when an item comes in only one option. For example, something needs to be large, but it’s only available in small sizes. In both cases, it might be possible to hide the unwanted outcome.

On the flip side, we might want to express both properties, where one functions at a larger scale and the other at a smaller scale. For simplicity, we’ll call the larger scale the “macro” scale and the smaller scale the “micro” scale, even though they can be quite similar. A piece of sandpaper is flexible at the macro scale to fit large items, while the small abrasive particles are stiff at the micro scale to dig into the wood’s surface. This arrangement allows for interaction, so the micro properties can be shown.

Test for Separation between the Parts and the Whole

Test

Step 1: At a critical moment in time, should either (setting A) or (setting B) be hidden or minimized to resolve the issue?

Step 2: At a critical moment in time, do I want (setting A) and (setting B) to be expressed at different scales?

Step 3: If the answer to 1 and 2 is “no,” proceed to separation by direction. Otherwise, separate between the parts and the whole.

Explanation

This is one of the simplest tests for separation principles. The purpose of separating the parts from the whole is to ultimately identify one significant property. In the end, only one of the settings will be expressed, the macro property.

Example—Pile Driving

We would prefer the pile to be SHARP in order to drive it more quickly, and we would like it to be BLUNT to provide adequate support.

Step 1: At a critical moment in time, should either (blunt) or (sharp) be hidden or minimized to resolve the issue? No, there is no critical time when both settings should be hidden or minimized.

Step 2: At a critical moment in time, do I want (sharp) and (blunt) to be expressed at different scales? No, there is no moment when we would desire both bluntness and sharpness.

Step 3: If the answer to 1 and 2 is “no,” proceed to separation by direction. Otherwise, separate between the parts and the whole. Since the answer to both is “no,” we would proceed to separation by direction.

Example—Traffic Light

The lights in a traffic light will inevitably FAIL due to the effects of current on the filament and due to vibration. The traffic light must NOT FAIL in order to prevent traffic delays or make the intersection more dangerous.

This serves as an example of an output contradiction. Most individuals would consider this as the Y in the function Y=f(X1, X2, X3…). They appear as implicit contradictions on causal analysis diagrams. Something must be deemed undesirable and desirable, independent of what is causing the undesirable behavior.

Step 1: At a critical moment in time, should either (failed) or (not failed) be concealed or minimized to resolve the issue? Yes, if bulb failure was minimized at any point after the failure of a light bulb, it would resolve the issue, and that would be sufficient.

Step 2: At a critical moment in time, do I wish for (sharp) and (blunt) to be expressed on different scales? No, there is no critical time when both properties are essential.

Step 3: If the answer to 1 and 2 is “no,” proceed to separation by direction. If not, separate between the parts and the whole. The answer to 1 is “yes,” so we will proceed to separate the parts from the whole.

Example—Sandpaper

We require a RIGID structure to cut the surface of the wood, but we also need a FLEXIBLE material to conform to the rounded contours of the wood project we are creating.

Step 1: At a critical moment, should either (rigid) or (flexible) be hidden or minimized to solve the issue? No, we want the sanding system to be both flexible and stiff.

Step 2: At a critical moment, do I want (flexible) and (rigid) to be expressed at different scales? Yes, I want flexibility to be expressed at the macro scale and rigidity at the micro scale.

Step 3: If the answers to questions 1 and 2 are “no,” proceed to separation by direction. Otherwise, separate between the parts and the whole. The answer to question 2 is yes, so we will attempt to separate between the parts and the whole.

Practice—The Lesser Weevil

Practice—Vibrating Water Wheel

Practice—Blistering Coils

Practice—What’s Up Dock

Practice—The Beat Goes On

Method: Formation

Method

(Segmented or individual) (elements) are (setting A). The (elements) are arranged into a formation that (describes the working formation). This formation has the macro effect of being (setting B). (Setting A) is (expressed or hidden).

Explanation

Multiplied or segmented[72] elements possess a desirable property. These elements are distinct and arranged in a formation that bestows upon the entire system of elements an opposing property. If both properties are evident, the individual components should be organized to facilitate interaction. The individual components do not interact with one another (that would be merging). The macro property emerges from the arrangement. Scale down the multiplied versions if needed.

Example—Square and Round

The individual shapes are unfortunately ROUND. We would prefer them to be SQUARE.

(Individual) (shapes) are (round). The (shapes) are organized into a formation which (approximates the shape of a square). This arrangement has the macro effect of being (square). (Roundness) is (concealed).

Example—Large Impact Posters

The individual posters need to be LOW IMPACT in order to avoid raising suspicions that they were created by activists. They must be HIGH IMPACT to achieve the desired effect on the attendees at the poster session.

(Individual) (posters) are (low impact). The (posters) are arranged in a formation that (guides the viewer from one poster to the next). This arrangement has the macro effect of being (high impact). (Low impact) is (demonstrated).

Example—Small Explosions

A LARGE explosion is necessary to move a substantial amount of earth. Unfortunately, only SMALL explosive charges are available.

(Individual) (explosions) are (small). The (explosions) are arranged in a formation that (is close enough to achieve the desired effect). This formation has the macro effect of being (large). (Smallness) is (concealed).

Example—Small Advertisements

Only SMALL impact statements are possible in the available advertising spaces on the page. However, the impact of the statement needs to be LARGE.

(Individual) (statements) are (small impact). The (statements) are arranged in a formation that is (strategically placed on the page to provide maximum visual impact). This arrangement has the macro effect of being (large impact). (Small impact) is (subtle).

Example—Exchanging Hydrogen

The individual sulfuric acid molecules need to be small in order to attach to the hydrogen ions. They need to be large in order to transport significant quantities of hydrogen.

(Individual) (sulfuric acid molecules) are (small). The (sulfuric acid molecules) are arranged in a formation that (has random but uniform dispersion in an aqueous solution). This formation has the macro effect of being (large). (Smallness) is (expressed).

Example—Big Person

The person needs to be LARGE to lift the log. Unfortunately, all we have are AVERAGE-sized individuals.

(Individual) (people) are (average-sized). The (people) are arranged in a formation that (aligns along the log). This arrangement has the macro effect of appearing (large). (Average-sized) is (concealed).

Example—Square and Round

The individual shapes need to be ROUND in order to perform their intended function. They also need to be SQUARE so that they fit neatly into an affordable box.

(Individual) (shapes) are (round). The (shapes) are arranged in a formation that (resembles a square). This arrangement has the overall effect of appearing (square). (Roundness) is (demonstrated).

Practice—Molecular Wind Pump

Practice—Traffic Light

Method: Merging

Method

(Segmented or individual) (elements) possess the property of being (setting A). When made to interact with each other by (field, mediator, method, or arrangement), the overall effect is (setting B). (Setting A) is (expressed or concealed).

Explanation

The term “merging[73]” will be used more broadly to indicate “interacting” with individual or segmented[74] objects. The individual objects or segments possess one desired property while the interacting objects have the opposing property. Such interactions can be achieved through the fields shown in the Table of Fields.

A mediating substance or “mediator” can also facilitate interaction among the individual elements. The mediating substance or field typically operates at the macro scale, while the individual elements function at the micro scale. Merging enables action at a distance as well as the potential for touching, nesting[75], interweaving, attaching, and mixing. We also accommodate fields that repulse rather than attract.

To drive towards ideality, we would like to utilize existing fields if possible. An example of this would be to enable the elements to interlink. Mechanical fields already exist; why not allow them to facilitate the act of merging?

As with all merging methods, it may be necessary to break the element down into multiple pieces that can then interact. When an element is segmented into several parts, this creates new resources and properties such as adjustability[76].

Example—Car Chain

The anti-slip device must be STIFF to dig into the ice on the road. It must be FLEXIBLE to wrap around the tire.

(Segmented) (anti-slip devices) possess the characteristic of being (rigid). When designed to interact with each other through (interlocking), the overall system becomes (flexible). (Rigidity) is (demonstrated).

Example—Pinned Truss System of Support

The structure must BE UNABLE TO TRANSFER A MOMENT to facilitate the calculation of loads throughout the structure. The structure must BE CAPABLE OF CARRYING MOMENTS to transfer the load correctly.

(Segmented) (structural elements) exhibit the property of being (unable to transfer a moment). When designed to interact with each other through (pins), the overall effect is (capable of carrying a moment). (Unable to transfer a moment) is (demonstrated).

Example—Bicycle Chain

The transmission must be RIGID in order not to yield on the sprockets, and it must be FLEXIBLE to wrap around them.

(Segmented) (transmission elements) possess the property of being (rigid). When made to interact with each other through (hinging pins), the overall effect is (flexible). (Rigid) is (expressed).

Example—Square and Round Shapes

The individual shapes need to be ROUND to perform their proper function. They need to be SQUARE to fit neatly into an inexpensive box.

(Individual) (shapes) possess the property of being (round). When they interact with each other by (merging into a square shape), the overall effect is (square). (Round) is (expressed).

Example—Shell Structure

The structure must be THIN to be lightweight. It needs to be THICK to ensure structural integrity.

(Segmented) (structural areas) possess the characteristic of being (thin). When they interact by (merging into a shell structure), the overall result is (thick). (Thinness) is (manifested).

Example—Covalently Bonded Compounds

The molecules must be CHARGED and NEUTRAL.

Individual ions have the property of being charged. When combined through ionic bonding, the result is a neutrally charged compound. The charge remains concealed.

Example—Puzzle

Each piece of the puzzle displays A PARTIAL PICTURE. What is needed for viewing is A WHOLE PICTURE.

(Segmented) (picture pieces) possess the quality of being (a partial picture). When they interact with each other through (interlocking), the overall outcome is (a whole picture). (Being a partial picture) is (concealed).

Example—Interacting Documents

The individual specifications are INCOMPLETE, making them difficult to understand. What is needed is a COMPLETE specification.

(Individual) (specifications) have the property of being (incomplete). When made to interact with one another by (a connecting database), the overall effect is (complete). (Incomplete) is (concealed).

Example—Interacting Salespeople Spread Information

Salespeople in the group are UNKNOWLEDGEABLE. This is a disadvantage when working with customers. They must be KNOWLEDGEABLE.

(Individuals) (salespeople) have the quality of being (unknowledgeable). When prompted to interact with each other by (merging), the overall effect is (knowledgeable). (Unknowledgable) is (hidden).

Example—Gas Velocity

The beaker of liquid must remain VERY STILL during the experiment. However, it consists of individual molecules, each of which has HIGH VELOCITIES.

(Individual) (molecules) possess the characteristic of (high velocity). When they interact with one another through (collisions), the overall effect is (collectively still at the macro level). (High velocity) remains (hidden).

Example—Large Impact Affidavit

The affidavits have little impact since they are only from average people describing minor incidents of problems. This is the only way they come. The affidavit needs to have a major impact in order to sway the judges.

(Individual) (affidavits) possess the characteristic of having a (small impact). When they are made to interact with one another by (merging into a book), the cumulative effect is (a major impact). (Small impact) remains (hidden).

Example—Thin and Thick Plates

At the critical moment of drilling, the plates must be THICK. They need to be THIN because that is how they are delivered to the machining center.

(Individual) (plates) possess the quality of being (thin). When they interact with one another by (merging into a clamped stack), the overall effect becomes (thick). (Thin) is (concealed).

It’s important to note that we utilize merging in Separation in Time. This scenario could easily have required the plates to be thin to serve a meaningful purpose. However, we observe that at the critical juncture of drilling, the thinness becomes impractical, and we must abandon this configuration. We arrive at the same solution as in Separation in Time.

Example—Stiff Spring

We require the spring to be STIFF, but we unfortunately only have FLEXIBLE SPRINGS.

(Individual) (springs) possess the quality of being (flexible). When they interact with each other through (multiple rows of springs where the springs share the load in parallel), the overall effect becomes (stiff). (Flexible) is (concealed).

Example—Colored Printing

The stamp needs to be MANY COLORS, but there are only FEW COLORS available.

(Individual) (colors) possess the property of being (few colors). When made to interact through (groupings of areas where the proportion of each color varies), the overall effect is (many colors). (Few colors) is (concealed).

Example Toothbrush

The bristles must be BLUNT due to the cutoff machine, but they must also be SHARP to effectively remove plaque.

(Individual) (levels of bristles) possess the characteristic of being (blunt). When designed to interact with one another by (merging into a cone shape), the overall effect is (sharp). (Blunt) characteristics are (concealed).

Example—Superbolt

The tensioning bolt must have SMALL TENSION in order to have low installation torques. The tension bolt must have LARGE TENSION in order to tension large loads.

(Individual) (small bolts) have the property of being (small tension). When made to interact with each other by (merging into a circle), the overall effect is (large tension). (small tension) is (hidden).

This device is made by Superbolt company.

Practice—The Lesser Weevil

Practice—Fish to the Rescue

Practice—A Slight Polishing

Practice—Special Delivery

Practice—Traffic Light

Practice—Metallic Film

Practice—Molecular Wind Pump

Practice—Log Jam

Method: Carrier

Method

(An affordable carrier object or substance) which is (setting A) is (attached to, surrounding, or mixed with) (segmented or individual) (elements) that are (setting B), thereby imparting its properties and making the combination (setting A) at the macro scale. (Setting B) is (hidden or expressed at the micro scale).

Explanation

One or more objects with a single property are closely associated with a “carrier[77]” substance that possesses the conflicting desirable property. The entire assembly adopts the desired property of the carrier. Utilizing carriers is one of the most effective methods of altering the properties of objects.

If the property of the element is favorable, then they are arranged within the carrier in such a way that they are expressed at a smaller “micro” scale. Consequently, both properties may be exhibited, or an undesirable property of the element may be concealed.

Employing a carrier necessitates the introduction of new substances, which may not be ideal, so strive to identify the most cost-effective carrier available.

Merely attaching a carrier to the object may be sufficient to allow the carrier to “loan” its properties. This can be accomplished in various ways illustrated in the orange box, such as simple contact, being clamped together, adhering, and more.

Objects with a single property can be nested[78] inside another object possessing the conflicting desirable property. The entire assembly takes on the desired property of the carrier. The carrier can be solid, liquid, or gas. Consider some of the more unusual carriers highlighted in the orange box.

A segmented[79] carrier with a desirable property may be mixed with segmented or multiplied elements that have opposing undesirable properties. The entire assembly adopts the properties of the carrier. The orange box illustrates some of the more peculiar carrier mixtures possible. Refer to these as you contemplate resolving your contradiction. The term “segmented carrier” pertains to liquid molecules, fibers, and even larger components such as laminate sheets. Consider progressively finer scales down to sub-atomic particles.

Example—Separating Rocks from Mulch

Rocks do not easily separate from mulch. It would be far more advantageous if the mulch were LIQUID instead of SOLID.

(Water), which is (liquid), is (mixed with) (individual) (mulch elements) that are (solid), thus lending its property and making the combination (liquid) at the macro scale. (Solidness) is (hidden).

The rocks fall through easily.

Example—Paint Roller

To paint ceilings, it is desirable that the paint rollers are LONG. Unfortunately, they come with SHORT handles.

(A pole), which is (long), is (attached to) (individual) (rollers) that are (short), thus lending its property and making the combination (long) at the macro scale. (Shortness) is (hidden).

Example—Soluble Molecule

An herbicide that is INSOLUBLE IN WATER must dissolve in water to be sprayed, but it must also be SOLUBLE IN WATER to do so.

A molecule that is (soluble in water) is (attached to) individual (herbicide molecules) that are (insoluble in water), thereby lending its property and making the combination (soluble in water) on a macro scale. (Insolubility in water) is (concealed).

Example—Beads on a String

Pearls are beautiful, but they are rigid and do not conform to the individual they adorn. They must be flexible.

A string that is flexible is attached to individual pearls that are rigid, thus lending its property and making the combination flexible on a macro scale. Rigidity is hidden.

Example—Backup Bearing

All bearings will eventually fail, but since they have a critical function, they must not fail.

A backup bushing, which is not failed, is attached to individual ball bearings that are failed, thus lending its properties and making the combination not failed at the macro scale. Failed is hidden.

A bushing and a ball bearing are combined. The ball bearing performs its function with low friction until it fails, at which point the bushing takes over. The bearing has failed, but the whole assembly has not failed. This is an example of a PREVIOUSLY PLACED CUSHION[80].

Example—Sandpaper

We require a RIGID structure to cut the surface of the wood, but we need a FLEXIBLE material to conform to the rounded contours of the wood project we are creating.

(Paper) which is (flexible) is (attached to) (segmented) (abrasive particles) that are (rigid), thus lending its property and making the combination (flexible) at the macro scale. (Rigidity) is (expressed at the micro scale).

Example—Carrier Signals

A carrier wave can have HIGH FREQUENCY signals riding on LOW FREQUENCY signals. The property of low frequency is expressed on a larger scale while the high frequency signal is expressed on a smaller scale.

(A signal) that is (low frequency) is (associated with) (individual) (signals) that are (high frequency), thereby lending its property and making the combination (low frequency) at the macro scale. (High frequency) is (expressed at the micro scale).

Example—Medicine Capsule

The small pellets of medicine are HARD TO SWALLOW due to their taste, but they need to be EASILY SWALLOWED in order to be effective medicine.

(A gel capsule) that is (easily swallowed) surrounds (segmented) (medications) which are (hard to swallow), thus lending its property and making the combination (easy to swallow) on a macro scale. (Hard to swallow) is (concealed).

Example—Fossil Preservation

The fossil must be DURABLE in order to be transported over long distances. However, the fossil as it comes out of the ground is FRAGILE.

(A plaster and gauze coating) that is (durable) is (surrounding) (individual) (fossils) which are (fragile), thus lending its properties and making the combination (durable) at the macro scale. (Fragility) is (concealed).

Example—Highlighting Instructions

The instructions must be BRIEF to enable quick action. The instructions also need to be LENGTHY to elicit an accurate response.

(Short instructions) that are (brief) consist of (individual) (instructions) that are (lengthy), thus lending their properties and resulting in a combination that is (brief) at the macro level. (Lengthy) is (expressed at the micro level).

Note that in this example, the carrier is surrounded by the non-carrier item. When people look at the instructions, the first thing they see is the brief instructions that get them started.

Example—The Car Makes You Look Good

An UNATTRACTIVE person desires to be ATTRACTIVE.

(A car) that is (attractive) surrounds (an individual) (who is) (unattractive), thus lending its quality and enhancing the overall (attractiveness) at a macro scale. (Unattractiveness) is (concealed).

Example—Hiding Parts of a Sandwich

The condiments of a sandwich can be MESSY. However, they must NOT BE MESSY in order to serve a large group of people in a nice setting.

(Bread) that is (not messy) is (surrounding) (individual) (condiments) that are (messy), thus lending its property and making the combination (not messy) on a macro scale. (Messiness) is (concealed).

Example—Citrus Fruit

Citrus fruit needs to be NUTRITIOUS in order to nourish large animals. To prevent insects from consuming it, it must be POISONOUS TO INSECTS.

(A peel) that is (poisonous to insects) is (surrounding) (individual) (fruits) which are (nutritious), thereby lending its property and making the combination (poisonous) at the macro level. (Nutritious) is (expressed at the micro level).

Example—Nested Molecule

An herbicide that is INSOLUBLE IN WATER must dissolve in water to be sprayed, but in order to dissolve in water, it must be SOLUBLE IN WATER.

(A molecule) that is (soluble in water) is (surrounding) (individual) (herbicide molecules) that are (insoluble in water), thus lending its property and making the combination (soluble in water) at the macro scale. (Insolubility in water) is (concealed).

Example—Atom—Fast Electrons Around a Slow and Massive Nucleus

The atomic structure must be ACTIVE to interact with other atomic structures. It must be INERT to remain in one location.

(Electrons) that are (active) surround (individual) (nuclei) that are (inert), thus contributing their properties and making the combination (active) at the macro scale. (Inertness) is (manifested at the micro scale).

Example—Hair Gel

A hair setting liquid (adhesive) must be an easily FORMABLE SOLID in order to be spread by hand in the hair. Unfortunately, it is a NON-FORMABLE LIQUID.

(Colloidal silicon dioxide—nano glass), which is (a formable solid), is (mixed with) (segmented) (hair-setting liquid), which is (a non-formable liquid), thus lending its properties and making the combination (a formable solid) at the macro scale. (Non-formable liquid) is (masked).

Example—Unbiased Truth?

While claiming to be completely unbiased and a model for presenting both sides of a story, a newspaper can easily become an advocate for a specific editorial stance that the editors or journalists wish to promote.

Editors at a nationally syndicated publication might want to cover a story while also making an editorial statement. They aim to communicate MESSAGE A. However, the events surrounding the article do not support message A directly. If the straightforward facts were published, the article would convey MESSAGE B. How can the newspaper express its editorial position while merely reporting “the news”? (It should be noted that this is a somewhat subversive example intended to raise awareness among reasonable people about what may be transpiring around them.)

(Several small editorial pieces or advertisements) which are (message A) are (blended with) (segmented) (news articles) that convey (message B), thereby lending its property and creating the overall effect of (message A) at a macro level. (Message B) is (reflected at the micro level).

Example—Conductive Plastic

An article must be made from plastic, which is an ELECTRICAL INSULATOR, to be produced more cost-effectively with injection molding. The article must also be made from metal or graphite, which is an ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR, in order to be electrically plated. The property of insulation is not required at all.

(Particles of graphite) that are (electrically conductive) are (blended with) (segmented) (plastic matrix) that is (an insulator), thereby lending its property and making the combination (electrically conductive) at the macro scale. (Electrically insulating) is (concealed).

Example—High Strength Concrete

Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength. This is almost always an undesirable property for a building material. The concrete needs to have high tensile strength for a variety of structures, including stucco.

(Glass fibers), which have (high tensile strength), are (mixed with) (cement), which has (low tensile strength), thus lending its property and making the combination (high tensile strength) at the macro scale. (Low tensile strength) is (not visible).

Example—Composite Fabric

A medical material is sought that possesses many properties of nylon but is also THERMALLY CONDUCTIVE. Unfortunately, nylon fabrics are THERMAL INSULATORS.

An aluminum fiber that is thermally conductive is mixed with segmented nylon fibers, which are thermally insulating, thus lending its property and making the combination thermally conductive at the macro scale. The thermally insulating aspect is concealed.

Example—Collectively Informed

Each person is individually UNINFORMED, which is undesirable. However, they need to be INFORMED in order to carry out the necessary tasks.

(Individuals) who are (informed) are (mixed with) (individual) (people) who are (uninformed), thus lending their property and creating a combination that is (informed) at the macro scale. (Uninformed) is (hidden).

Practice—A Slight Polishing

Practice—Blood Brain Barrier

Practice—A Limit to Cell Phones

Practice—Ugly Cookies

Practice—Vibrating Water Wheel

Practice—Too Flexible

Practice—Metallic Film

Practice—Fish to the Rescue

Practice—The Beat Goes On

Practice—Traffic Light

Method: Mixture

Method

(Inexpensive particles or segmented elements) from (setting A) are (combined with) (particles or segmented elements) from (setting B).

Explanation

Particles or segmented[62] elements possessing both properties are combined together. Both properties exist and are expressed simultaneously at a smaller scale. Both properties are prepared to act at any moment. Composites[63] serve as good examples of mixtures.

The orange box illustrates some of the more unusual mixtures possible. Refer to these as you consider resolving your contradictions. Contemplate finer and finer scales down to sub-atomic particles.

Method: Hiding Part

Method

Each individual element already possesses the undesirable property of setting A and the desirable property of setting B, even if only to a slight extent. The elements are combined into a configuration that obscures setting A—experiment with different orientations—resulting in the overall property of setting B.

Explanation

Multiple elements are involved. Each element already possesses both conflicting properties separated in space. One of the conflicting properties is undesirable. The elements are merged in such a way that the undesirable feature of each element is concealed and only the desirable property is expressed. This may be feasible when the element has the desired property, even to a minimal extent. Remember that this method should not be considered unless the existing elements exhibit both desirable and undesirable properties.

Example—Hiding Roughness

A sheet of granite has one side that is SMOOTH and the other side that is ROUGH. We desire a table that is entirely smooth.

Each individual (sheet) already has the undesirable property of (roughness) and the desirable property of (smoothness), even if only to a slight degree. The (sheets) are merged (back to back with the rough sides facing inward), thus resulting in the overall property of (smoothness).

Example—Hiding Sharp Edges of a Can

A can has the non-uniform condition of being partly SHARP (enough to cut skin) and mostly NOT SHARP.

Each individual part of the can possesses the undesirable attribute of being sharp and the desirable attribute of being not sharp, even if only to a slight degree. The parts of the can are joined together (by rolling the edges into a seam), thus providing the overall characteristic of being not sharp.

Example—Hiding Frayed Edges of Cloth

Most cloth has the undesirable characteristic of having FRAYED edges. The remainder is NOT FRAYED. The edges are rolled up and sewn into seams.

Each individual piece of cloth exhibits the undesirable trait of being frayed as well as the desirable trait of not being frayed, even to the slightest degree. The pieces of cloth are combined by rolling the edges together and sewing them into seams, thus resulting in the general characteristic of not being frayed.

Example—Hidden Molecular Poles

A molecule must be POSITIVELY CHARGED to have strong intermolecular effects. The molecules must possess both NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE CHARGES to maintain a neutral polarity.

Each individual molecule inherently has the undesirable characteristic of being negatively charged and the desirable characteristic of being positively charged, even if only to a slight degree. The molecules cluster around a strong positive charge, exposing only the negative charges, thereby imparting a general property of positivity to nearby molecules.

Example—Tape

The tape needs to be STICKY in order to adhere objects to the wall for decoration. Unfortunately, one side of the tape is NON-STICKY.

Each individual piece of tape possesses the undesirable property of being non-sticky and the desirable property of being sticky, even if only slightly. The tape is rolled into a surface, thus giving it the overall property of being sticky. Note that this is achieved with a single object.

Practice—Ugly Cookies

Method: New Dimension

Method:

The (element) possesses the property of being (setting A). Adjusting (up or down) in dimension grants the (element) the property of being (setting B) because (explanation).

Explanation

The properties of a section of an object can differ significantly from the properties of the entire object. This distinction is crucial because our thinking may be confined to one dimension while the solution lies in another. The property in one dimension may be undesirable, while the property in the other dimension is desirable[81].

Example—Curved Surface

The panel must be STRAIGHT to minimize aerodynamic drag, yet it must be CURVED to fit the frame of the aircraft.

The (panel) possesses the property of being (curved). Reducing (down) in dimension grants the (panel) the property of being (straight), as (a section through the panel is a straight line, which is adequate in the direction of airflow).

Example—Cylinder Section

A cylindrical section of a capacitor has a SMALL ELECTRICAL STORAGE AREA, but the capacitor must have a LARGE ELECTRICAL STORAGE CAPACITY.

The (capacitor) possesses the characteristic of having a (small electrical storage area). Increasing (up) in size grants the (capacitor) the characteristic of having a (large electrical storage capacity) since (a significant area can be accommodated within a very small volume, depending on the dielectric strength of the insulating material used)

Practice—What’s Up Dock

Method: Countering

Method

The (element) (force, field, field gradient, or action) has a direction with the undesirable property of (setting A). Counteracting the (force, field, field gradient, or action) with (a countermeasure) results in the desirable (setting B–Low or Null).

Explanation

Two strong actions can yield a null action if they are oriented to cancel each other[82]. This principle is typically applied to actions, fields, or forces that have direction. If more than one element is available, then two of these elements can be arranged to counteract each other. Alternatively, another opposing action can be introduced to counter the action. Consider the possible countering methods shown in the tan box.

Example—Counterweight

A HEAVY automobile transmission is challenging to move. It must have NULL weight.

The (transmission) (weight) has a direction with the undesirable property of being (heavy). Countering the (weight) with (a counterweight using a transmission cable) results in the desired (null weight).

Example—Counter Force

A spring has a very HIGH preload due to its high spring rate and working conditions. However, it must have a very LOW preload in the application.

The (spring) (preload force) has a direction with the undesirable property of (high force). Countering the (preload force) with (another high-rate spring preload) results in the desirable (low force).

Example—Counter Signal

A HIGH AMPLITUDE signal must be rapidly turned off to become a NULL signal. Unfortunately, the signal can turn on quickly but decays slowly when turned off.

The (signal) (amplitude) has a direction with the undesirable property of (high amplitude). Countering the (amplitude) with (a counter signal 180 degrees out of phase) produces the desirable (null signal).

Example—Counter Gradient

Due to temperature stratification in a heat exchanger, the exiting air has a HIGH THERMAL GRADIENT. In order for temperature sensors to provide accurate readings of the bulk air temperature, there should be NO THERMAL GRADIENT.

The (air) (temperature gradient) has a direction with the undesirable characteristic of (high thermal gradient). Counteracting the (temperature gradient) with (a counter thermal gradient) yields the desirable (low thermal gradient).

Example—Counter Momentum

High-velocity movements of large objects within a camera can cause the camera to shift. A HIGH-VELOCITY motion is required but is undesirable. There must be NULL VELOCITY movement.

The (camera element) (motion) has a direction with the undesirable property of (high velocity). Countering the (motion) with (a high-velocity motion of a counterweight in the opposite direction) results in the desirable (null velocity of the system).

Example—Flywheel Reaction Forces

A flywheel is used to store energy in a vehicle. The flywheel rotates at very high speeds. When the vehicle turns a corner or changes incline, the gyroscopic action of the flywheel generates significant forces that act on the vehicle. These large forces are undesirable. The flywheel generates HIGH REACTION FORCES, but to avoid stressing the structure, we need LOW REACTION FORCES.

The (flywheel) (gyroscopic force) has a direction with the undesirable property of (high reaction force). Countering the (gyroscopic force) with (a high reaction force) results in the desirable (low reaction force).

Two gyroscopes can cancel each other’s reaction forces.

Example—Non-Buckling Column

During the axial loading of long, slender structures, the phenomenon of buckling can occur. It occurs catastrophically because as the column buckles, the effective axial spring rate decreases. In other words, the more you push it, the less it pushes back. This is referred to as a negative spring rate. The column has a HIGH NEGATIVE RATE. To safely support high forces, the column should have a LOW OR POSITIVE RATE.

The (column) (spring rate) has a direction with the undesirable property of (high negative rate). Countering the (spring rate) with (a high positive rate spring) achieves the desirable (low or positive rate).

Example—Organization Strengths

A HIGH implementation speed can become a weakness under certain conditions, particularly when trying to synchronize with other organizations that are not as fast. The organization needs to operate at a LOW implementation speed.

The (organization) (implementation speed) has a direction with the undesirable property of (high). Countering the (speed) with (another part of the organization attempting to implement in a different direction) results in the desirable (low organizational speed).

Example—Nullifying an Argument

A STRONG statement has been made by someone in a high position within an organization. The statement was delivered too forcefully and only expressed his perspective. The statement should be WEAK.

The (statement) (effect) has a direction with the undesirable property of (strong). Countering the (effect) with (a strong counter statement from another high official in the organization) yields the desirable (weak effect).

Practice—Storing Almost Protons

Method: Complementary Directions

Method

Each element represents setting A, which is desirable in one direction, and setting B, which is undesirable in the opposite direction. Combining two or more elements and orienting them in a complementary manner allows the combination to achieve setting A in both directions.

Explanation

When objects possess the required property in only one direction, they can be combined with another element that shares the same property in only one direction. These become complementary and allow the required property in both directions.

Example—Pile Driving

Once embedded in the ground, the pile must be blunt, although it is sharp.

Each (pile) is (blunt), which is desirable in one direction, and (sharp), which is undesirable in another direction. Combining two or more (piles) and orienting them in a complementary manner allows the combination to be (blunt) in both directions.

Example—Car Airbags

A car airbag CONSTRAINS in one direction only. In the other direction, there is NO CONSTRAINT. It is desirable for airbags to constrain in both directions.

Each airbag is constraining in one direction, which is desirable, and not constraining in another direction, which is undesirable. Combining two or more airbags and orienting them in a complementary fashion makes the combination constraining in both directions.

Practice—Log Jam

Method: Coordinated Parts

Method

Adjustable[83] (elements) possess the characteristic of being (setting A). When coordinated with one another by (method), the overall effect is (setting B). (Setting A) is (expressed or concealed).

Explanation

A functional part with one property coordinates or collaborates with another part having a complementary function and the same property. The whole possesses the conflicting property. In this case, we want both properties to be expressed.

Example—Water Faucet

Many water faucets have separate hot and cold water knobs. If one changes the flow of the hot water to adjust the temperature, the total flow must not change.

Adjustable (flow areas) possess the property of being (changeable). When coordinated with each other by (a coordinated partition), the overall effect is (no change). (Changes) are (expressed).

Imagine that the water flows out of the page through each respective flow area. As the partition moves, the percentages of cold and hot water change, but the combined flow area remains constant.

Practice—Special Delivery

Separate By Direction

Explanation of Separation by Direction

An object can exhibit conflicting properties in different directions within the same space and at the same time. This is one of the most powerful principles of separation. A simple example of this is a rope. When pulled in a direction of tension, the rope becomes stiff. However, if you attempt to push a rope, it is flexible. Many objects already demonstrate a separation of opposing properties by direction, but we have not fully leveraged this separation.

Test for Separation by Direction

Test:

Is there a conflicting property that already exists in a different direction, or can it be adjusted accordingly? If “no,” then proceed to separate by perspective. Otherwise, attempt to separate by direction.

Example—Pile Driving

The pile should be SHARP for driving and BLUNT for supporting.

Test: Is there a conflicting property that already exists in a different direction or can it be adjusted accordingly?

The pile is already blunt on its sides. We conclude to try to separate by direction.

Practice—A Post and an Outpost

Practice—Two Tining Rake

Practice—Too Flexible

Practice—Blistering Coils

Practice—A Slight Polishing

Practice—Log Jam

Method: Direction

Method

The (element) is (setting A) (in direction A). The (element) (is already or can become) (setting B) (in the opposite direction or at right angles or in the rotary direction) if (new conditions—provide explanation if necessary).

Explanation

Separation by direction allows one property to exist in one direction while the opposing property exists in other directions. If one mentally navigates through the various directions of opposing, right-angle, and rotary directions, something will often come to mind. It is easy to overlook some of the directions in the heat of problem-solving.

The pile needs to be SHARP to drive rapidly and BLUNT to provide strong support.

The (pile) is (sharp) (in the direction of driving). The (pile) (is already) (blunt) (at right angles) if (the supporting force is directed in a sideward direction).

A pile is naturally blunt in all directions except for the driving direction, which is SHARP. If the pile is driven at an angle, it quickly creates a dull surface for vertical support. When several piles are joined crosswise, the net effect is a very BLUNT support after driving.

Example—Square and Round Shapes

A cylinder must be ROUND for function A and SQUARE for function B.

The (cylinder) is (round) (when viewed from the end). The (cylinder) (is already) (square) (at right angles).

Example—Food Grater

To grate food effectively, the blades must be SHARP. To reposition the food for grating, it should be SMOOTH.

The (grater) is (sharp) (in the direction of grating). The (grater) (can become) (smooth) (in the opposite direction) if (the cutting blades allow the food to slide over without cutting when the food is being moved in the reverse direction of grating).

Example—Board

The board must be THICK to span a wall. It should be THIN to conserve wood and reduce costs.

The (board) is (thin) (in the vertical direction). The (board) (can become) (thick) (at right angles).

Example—Package Binding

The binding must be STIFF to securely constrain the package. It needs to be STIFF for easy positioning and to conform to any shape.

The (binding) is (stiff) (in the direction of wrapping the package). The (binding) (can become) (flexible) (at right angles if (it is made thin enough).

Example—Structural Member

The structural member needs to have HIGH MOVEMENT to be easily assembled and to join other structural members. It should have LOW MOVEMENT to avoid shifting under high loads.

The (structural element) is (low movement) (in all directions except rotary). The (structural element) (can become) (high movement) (in the rotary direction) if (supported by a pin).

Example—Organizational Size

The organizational structure needs to be very SMALL for rapid communication. It needs to be LARGE to accomplish a significant amount of work.

The (organizational structure) is (small) (from the top to the bottom of the organization). The (organizational structure) (can become) (large) (at right angles) if (the span of control is significantly increased).

Example—Pond

A pond at a housing development needs to be LARGE so that many houses can enjoy a waterfront. It needs to be SMALL in order to conserve water.

The (pond) is (large) (in all horizontal directions). The (pond) (can become) (small) (in the vertical direction) if (the pond is made somewhat shallow).

Practice—A Post and an Outpost

Practice—Two Tining Rake

Practice—Too Flexible

Practice—Blistering Coils

Practice—A Slight Polishing

Practice—Log Jam

Separate By Perspective

Explanation of Separate by Perspective

In general, Separation by Perspective means that an object’s properties are dependent on perception. This indicates that the element under consideration does not need to change its property. It is sufficient for it to simply appear to have the opposite property.

We utilize various senses to perceive, with sight being the most common. However, we are not restricted to this sense. It may be adequate for something to sound like, smell like, or feel like it has the opposite property.

Test for Separation by Perspective

Test

Is it sufficient to only appear to have one of the knob settings? If “no,” then continue on to Separate by Frame of Reference. Otherwise, try to separate by perspective.

Example—Pile Driving

The pile should be SHARP for driving and BLUNT for supporting.

Test: Is it sufficient to only appear to have one of the knob settings? No, it is not sufficient. We need both properties to actually exist in the piles. We will proceed to Separation by Perspective.

Example—Microscope

Bacterium comes SMALL, but in order for proper inspection, it needs to be LARGE.

Test: Is it sufficient to only appear to have one of the knob settings? Yes, the object only needs to appear to be large in order to be inspected. We will try to separate by perspective.

Example—Fake Marble

We need a column to be MARBLE in order to appear ornate. We need it to be WOOD because that is all we have.

Test: Is it sufficient to only appear to have one of the knob settings? Yes, in this case, if it only appears to be marble, that is sufficient. We will try to separate by perspective.

Practice—A Post and an Outpost

Practice—Special Delivery

Practice—Fish to the Rescue

Practice—Ugly Cookies

Practice—Log Jam

Method: How you Look or Perceive

Method

The (element) is naturally and unfortunately (setting A). It (looks like, sounds like, feels like, or smells like) it is (setting B) when (a method of measurement or detection is used).

Explanation

Discover physical phenomena that enable you to perceive the Element in a different way. Remember that perception is not solely based on sight; it involves all the senses.

Example—Strobe Light

A vibrating object is CONSTANTLY in MOTION. To observe its shape, it must appear STATIONARY.

The (vibrating object) is, unfortunately, (in motion). It (appears) to be (stationary) when (a strobe light is used to illuminate it at any point in its normal cycle).

Example—Microscope

A bacterium is SMALL, but for proper inspection, it needs to be LARGE.

While the bacterium is naturally and unfortunately small, it appears large when viewed under a microscope.

Example—Telescope

A ship must be CLOSE in order to see the flags it is displaying. Unfortunately, it is very DISTANT.

The (ship) is inherently and regrettably (distant). It (appears) to be (close) when (viewed through a telescope).

Practice—Traffic Light

Practice—Log Jam

Method: Looks / Feels Like

Method

The (element) is unfortunately (setting A). However, we can change its (appearance, sound, feel, or smell) to resemble (setting B) when using (paint[84], a substitute or covering fake object, camouflage, substitute smells, substitute taste, or substitute sound).

Explanation

This separation tool is effective enough to make the object appear to have the conflicting property rather than actually possessing it.

Example—Fake Marble

The panel must be MARBLE to be decorative. Unfortunately, all we have is WOOD.

The (panel) is unfortunately (wood). But we can alter its (appearance) to resemble (marble) by using (paint).

This exemplifies the mainstream TRIZ principle of USING PAINT.

Example—Camouflage

The duck blind needs to be made of NATURAL AUTUMN LEAVES to avoid alerting the ducks. It needs to be made of FABRIC AND METAL for easy setup and takedown.

The (blind) is unfortunately (fabric and metal). However, we can alter its (appearance) to resemble (natural autumn leaves) when using (camouflage).

This is an example of the inventive TRIZ principle of USING PAINT[85].

Example—Hair Wig

The hair is unfortunately BLACK. In order to perform the role in a play, the hair must be BLOND.

The (hair) is unfortunately (black). However, we can change its (appearance) to look like (blond) by using (a covering fake object).

Example—TV “Repair”

The television is unfortunately NOT WORKING. In order for the owner to be satisfied with the television, it must APPEAR TO BE WORKING.

The (television) is unfortunately (not working). But we can change its (appearance) to seem like (it is working) by using (an action that resembles maintenance).

“Sometimes there may be no actual problem with a device, but the owner can refuse to be convinced … so, the technician called to repair the device could simply turn a few knobs and set them back to their original positions, claiming that the problem has been fixed… or, for instance, if it were a TV with perceived low volume, the technician could slightly increase the internal volume setting to give the owner the impression that the problem has been resolved[86].”

Example—Placebo Medicine

The patient is unfortunately NOT FEELING WELL. In order for the patient to have a good quality of life, they must FEEL WELL.

The (patient) is unfortunately (not feeling well). But we can alter its (perception) to seem like (feeling well) by using (a placebo medicine)

“A patient who refuses to accept that everything is fine and believes their illness may just be a psychological illusion… the Doctor can prescribe a ‘Placebo’, and the patient would take the medicine (which actually has no therapeutic value) and then start feeling better!![87]”

Practice—Special Delivery

Practice—Fish to the Rescue

Practice—Ugly Cookies

Method: Inference

Method

The (element) is unfortunately (setting A). However, we can alter its (appearance, sound, feel, smell, or effect) to make it appear as if it is (setting B) by (a method to suggest that it is setting B).

Explanation

The property state of an object is strictly inferred from the property of another object. Logic dictates that only one state can be inferred, even though the original state may be quite different.

Example—Double Deception

An agreement is made that one person will place a black pebble and a white pebble into a bag. If the second person draws a white pebble, then an unfavorable event will happen. The first person, with malicious intent, puts two black pebbles into the bag. The second person sees this, unbeknownst to the first. Exposing the first person’s deceit is not an option. The best outcome is for the second person to draw a WHITE pebble from the bag, but that is impossible. It must be BLACK since that is the only possibility.

The (pebble) is unfortunately (black). But we can change its (appearance) to make it seem like it is (white) by (drawing a black pebble from the bag and not revealing it, but dropping it on the ground among white and black pebbles. By inference, they can determine which one was picked by looking into the bag and discovering the second black pebble. Everyone infers that a white pebble was withdrawn).

Practice—Traffic Light

Practice—Special Delivery

Separate By Frame of Reference

Explanation of Separation by Frame of Reference

Separation by Frame of Reference means that an object’s properties depend on the frame of reference from which they are considered. For instance, I am sitting at my desk. None of my bodily movements are rapid. However, the Earth is rotating very quickly, and my speed compared to the frame of reference of the Sun is quite fast. Even more rapid would be my speed compared to objects that are rotating counter to the Earth’s rotation on its axis or around the Sun. At the same moment in time and in the same space, my speed can be quite rapid or very slow, depending on the frame of reference.

No test is given for Separation by Frame of Reference because properties are always subject to the frame of reference that is assumed. If we cannot find an inertial frame of reference, we can almost always identify what the property is being compared to. Let’s consider some random examples. An object may not be “stinky,” but it can appear that way. We can always ask, stinky compared to what? What is your frame of reference? An onion is stinky compared to grape jelly, but it is not nearly as stinky as a skunk. An onion is no longer perceived as stinky in a room filled with the odor of a skunk. If I say that the oven is hot, what is this in reference to? A cooking oven may be hot compared to the temperatures required to bake a soufflé; however, it is not considered hot compared to the baking temperature of bread. If we switch and bake bread in the oven, it is no longer seen as hot. In each of these cases, we allow ourselves to alter the frame of reference so that the conditions can be satisfied. Note that it is not the element that we are considering that changes, but rather the frame of reference to which it is being compared.

Unlike Separation by Perspective, there may be more than just the appearance of satisfying the conflicting requirements. One or both of the properties may be necessary. A property can actually be altered by changing the frame of reference.

Test for Separation by Frame of Reference

Test

The test for Separation by Frame of Reference is not well developed. All that is known is that, unlike Separation by Perspective, either one or both of the properties may be necessary. It may also not be sufficient to have just the appearance of one of the properties.

Method: By Comparison

Method

The (element) is already (setting A) when compared to (property of element 2). Changing (element 2) by (method of changing the property of element 2) makes the (element) (setting B).

Explanation

All knob settings are relative to something. Instead of changing the element that cannot or should not be altered, the relative object is modified instead. In this case, if you change the actual element under consideration, that is certainly the wrong answer. The attribute of the second element that you must adjust is the frame of reference that is subconsciously used to inform us about an object’s properties. Most people would say that a needle is small without considering what it is compared to. Typically, it is deemed small because a human has to use it, and it is small in relation to human fingers, often making it challenging to manipulate. It is uncommon to reflect on what we use for comparison. We would go mad if we always had to keep that in mind.

Example—Production Sets

The actor is short because that is the way he is. However, he needs to be tall in order to play the part.

The actor is already short when compared to the size of the surroundings and other actors. Changing the surroundings and other actors by miniaturizing the set props and placing the actor on a raised platform makes the actor appear tall.

Example—Buoyancy of an Object

A measurement float needs to be buoyant to be more visible above the surface of the liquid. Unfortunately, the float is quite heavy because it is made from a dense plastic and is therefore not buoyant.

The measurement float is already not buoyant when compared to the density of the liquid it is floating in. Changing the liquid it is floating in by switching to a much denser liquid makes the measurement float buoyant.

Example—Cheap and Expensive

A product is very EXPENSIVE in the market that it is in, but it needs to be INEXPENSIVE in order to sell.

The (product) is already (expensive) when compared to (the desires of the given market). Changing (the market) by (moving to a different market) makes the (product) (inexpensive).

Practice—Blistering Coils

Practice—Blistering Coils III

Practice—Molecular Wind Pump

Practice—A Slight Polishing

Practice—Ugly Cookies

Practice—What’s Up Dock

Practice—Log Jam

Method: Inertial or Spatial Frame of Reference

Method

The (element) is already (setting A) when compared to (inertial, rotational, spatial, or coordinate system frame of reference). Changing the frame of reference by (method) makes the (element) (setting B).

Explanation

The properties can vary significantly depending on your inertial or spatial frame of reference or the coordinate system being utilized. Physicists often need to consider the inertial frame of reference when calculating an object’s properties. In particular, conditions can differ markedly based on your linear or rotational velocity. Similarly, a problem can appear quite different when assessing your spatial frame of reference. What is your position relative to the object? Are you close or far away? Less frequently, we may consider the type of coordinate system in use. Are we employing Cartesian coordinates or Polar coordinates?

Example—Rotating Platform

A ball rolls along a track on a rotating platform. The object’s movement, unfortunately, is CURVED. It needs to be LINEAR to be useful.

The (ball) exhibits (curved motion) when compared to (a stationary, non-rotating frame of reference). Changing the frame of reference by (observing the motion of the ball while rotating with the platform) transforms the (ball’s) motion into (linear motion).

Example—Moving Train

To accurately determine which component of the vehicle is failing, the frequency must correlate with the NATURAL FREQUENCY of the malfunctioning component. The frequency is NOT THE NATURAL FREQUENCY of the failed component when perceived by an observer as the vehicle approaches.

The (vehicle sound) is already (not the natural frequency) when compared to (the velocity of the approaching vehicle). Altering the frame of reference by (getting on the vehicle) makes the (vehicle sound) (the natural frequency).

Practice—The Beat Goes On

Practice—Molecular Wind Pump

Practice—Log Jam

Method: Acts Like

Method

The (element) must actually be (setting A) in order to meet the (requirement). However, it must function like (setting B) to satisfy the (2^nd requirement). This will be achieved by utilizing the principle of (physical effect or phenomenon).

Explanation

With this separation, it may be necessary to have BOTH properties; however, one property is typically not associated with the other. For instance, solids and liquids are usually not grouped together, but there are solids that behave like liquids and liquids that behave like solids.

Example—Deep Space Damper

The damper fluid needs to be SOLID to exist in deep space. It must function like a FLUID to provide proper damping action.

The (damping fluid) must indeed be (solid) to (survive in deep space at low temperatures). However, it has to perform like a (fluid) to (ensure correct damping in the damping piston). This will be achieved by utilizing the principle of (very small round solid particles that behave like a fluid).

Separate by Response of Fields

Explanation of Separation by Response of Fields

In the same space and at the same time, two different fields or field regimes can respond differently to the shape or bulk properties of an object. One field or field region may change while the other remains relatively unchanged. This method of resolving contradictions primarily addresses those related to how different field regions or fields respond to substances and their bulk, surface, or construction properties. The field may respond differently based on the substance that generates, transmits, or accepts the field.

It is important to recognize that this method of resolving contradictions is used only with the response of fields to substances that occupy the space where the field exists. Consequently, the primary test for Separation by Response of Fields is to determine whether the contradiction is directly related to the response of fields.

What this means is that you have likely done a good job of identifying a field response property that must have two settings. This should have occurred during causal analysis. This underscores the importance of conducting your causal analysis in a way that allows you to closely examine field properties and the response of fields to various substances. You would have already asked, “What are the field response properties related to the improvement that you seek?” The field response properties could involve parameters such as gradient, intensity, conductance, etc. Once you identify the field response properties that facilitate improvement, you can ask, “What happens if I adjust the field response properties to resolve the issue? What worsens?” If something deteriorates, you need to pinpoint what the field properties must be to prevent the adverse effect from occurring. Now you have the necessary contradiction, and you are prepared to consider separating by field response. If you have already gone this far, potential solutions should be readily available. You know that the field response should be A and it should also be B. Then it becomes a matter of finding a substance or construction that can achieve both settings A and B.

Test for Separation by Response of Fields

Test

Are both properties (knob settings) directly related to a substance and the way that fields (particularly superimposed fields) respond to that substance? If “yes,” then continue to the next part of the test. If “no,” then proceed to Separation between Substance and Field. Complete the following while identifying separate fields or field regions that make these statements true:

It is essential that:

The field response to the (substance in the operating region) must be (setting A) for (field region A or field A)

The field response to the (substance in the operating region) must be (setting B) for (field region B or field B)

Is it essential that field region or fields A and B overlap? If they must overlap, then jump to Separation between Substance and Field.

Example—Light Bulb

The light must CONDUCT through the pressure barrier in order to be visible. The light must NOT CONDUCT through the pressure barrier in order to avoid emitting ultraviolet radiation.

Test: Are both properties (knob settings) directly related to a substance and the way that fields (particularly superimposed fields) respond to that substance? Yes, both conducting and not conducting are related to a substance and the way that light fields respond to that substance. Complete the following while identifying separate fields or field regions that make these statements true:

It is essential that:

The field response to the (pressure barrier) must be (conducting) for (visible light)

The field response to the (pressure barrier) must be (not conducting) for (UV light)

Is it essential that field region or fields A and B overlap? No, it is not essential that they overlap. We will try to use separation by field response.

Note that the spectrum of light can be separated into different field regions by frequency. This is the key to separation by field response: find two regions of the same field type that respond differently to the same substance or substance construction. This search for different field regions is the primary knowledge gained in this step. This is where mental effort is required.

Example—Race Car Fender

Many racing vehicles would benefit aerodynamically from well-shaped fenders. The problem is that the fenders obstruct visibility of the tires during turns. The drivers monitor the tires to detect the response of the wheels to the track. The volume of the fender must transmit the image of the wheel but must not transmit the air.[89] The fender must CONDUCT light in order to see the tires and it must NOT CONDUCT light because it is a fender and light does not pass through it.

Test: Are both properties (knob settings) directly related to a substance and the way that fields (particularly superimposed fields) respond to that substance? Yes, the properties of conducting and not conducting are related to the substance of the fender and how light responds to it. Complete the following while identifying separate fields or field regions that make these statements true:

It is essential that:

The field response to the (fender) must be (conducting) for (light)

The field response to the (fender) must be (not conducting) for (air pressure)

Is it essential that field region or fields A and B overlap? No, light and air pressure do not need to overlap. We will try to separate by field response.

Example—Pile Driving

The pile needs to be SHARP in order to drive rapidly and it needs to be BLUNT in order to support effectively.

Test: Are both properties (knob settings) directly related to a substance and the way that fields (particularly superimposed fields) respond to that substance?

While sharp and blunt could be indirectly related to the fields, we should have identified that the stress fields need to be directed outward in order to drive the pile quickly and allow for the soil to be displaced. The fields need to be directed downward to ensure that the soil has nowhere to go. This enables high compression forces, which support the structure. Rapidly applied forces would need to somehow push sideways, while slowly applied fields would direct the force downwards.

This, however, is not the question that we are addressing. Instead, we are focusing on the physical attributes of the object being blunt and sharp. Since these do not directly relate to fields, we will not attempt to separate by Field Response.

Practice—Vibrating Water Wheel

Practice—Storing Almost Protons

Method: Separate by Response of Fields

Method

The response of (field region A or field A) to (material, coating, or structure) is (setting A). The response of (field region B or field B) to (material, coating, or structure) is (setting B).

Explanation

We have already identified the field regions or fields that must respond differently. What remains is to find a material, coating, or structure that alters the field response of the two regions sufficiently to resolve the contradiction. Each field region or field must respond differently to the chosen substance, coating, or structure.

Considering different field regions is the most common and preferred method. Identifying different fields would suggest that the difference in fields was not captured during the cause-effect stage. Since this is possible and made more likely by conducting a less thorough job of causal analysis, we allow for considering different fields. However, we should remember that the primary and preferred method of separation by Response of Fields is to consider different field regions.

The table to the right shows a range of substances that can alter the way a field is generated, transmitted, and received.

Example—Different Conductive Response—Light Bulb

The gas barrier must be CONDUCTIVE to illuminate the work area. The gas barrier must be NON-CONDUCTIVE to avoid ultraviolet radiation.

The response of (visible light) to (glass) is (conductive). The response of (ultraviolet light) to (glass) is (non-conductive).

Example—Different Conductive Response—Spring-Mass-Damper

A mechanical vibratory field must CONDUCT through the operating region to perform useful work. It should NOT CONDUCT through the operating region to avoid excessive wear.

The response of (low-frequency vibration) in (a spring-mass-damper system) is (conductive). The response of (high-frequency vibration) in (a spring-mass-damper system) is (non-conductive).

A spring-mass-damper will selectively transmit frequencies lower than the resonant frequency while dissipating frequencies higher than the resonant frequency.

Example—Different Conductive Responses—Race Car Fender

The fender must CONDUCT light to reveal the tires, while it must NOT CONDUCT light since it serves as a fender and light does not pass through it.

The response of (an optical field) to (a transparent fender) is (conductive). The response of (a pressure field) to (a transparent fender) is (non-conductive).

Example—Different Gradient Response—Magnetic Material

The response of a gravitational field to a magnetic material results in a uniform gradient. Meanwhile, the response of a magnetic field to a magnetic material is characterized by a high or non-uniform gradient.

Example—Different Path Response—Mirror

The response of (X-rays) to (a mirror) is (unaltered movement). The response of (optical light) to (a mirror) is (reflected altered movement).

Example—Red Color Filter

The response of (red light) to (a red filter) is (unchanged transmission or amplitude). The response of (orange light) to (a red filter) is (reduced transmission or amplitude).

Example—Different Speed Response—Glass

The response of green light to optical glass is at a higher speed. The response of blue light to optical glass is at a lower speed.

Practice—Vibrating Water Wheel

Practice—Storing Almost Protons

Separate Between the Substance and the Field

Method

The field element related to the conflict is (a field element). The substance element related to the conflict is (a substance element). The (field element) has (setting A) while the (substance element) has (setting B). This is achieved through (architecture).

Explanation

Separating between the substance and the field is the final separation strategy that we will consider. In this strategy, the substance has one property (knob setting) while the field has the conflicting property. In order to achieve this, we need to identify the field and substance associated with the conflicting properties. Let’s say that we have two fluids that need to be mixed and not mixed. It is necessary to combine the two fluids so that the mixture reaches the same temperature. In this instance, the substance and field related to the conflicting properties are a fluid substance and a thermal field. Once we have established this, all that remains is to determine which possesses which conflicting property.

Example—Heat Exchanger

Two fluids must be MIXED THOROUGHLY so that a temperature sensor can read the correct average temperature of the fluids. However, they also need to be UNMIXED to prevent one fluid from contaminating the other.

The field element associated with the conflict is (a thermal field). The substance element associated with the conflict is (both fluids). The (thermal field) is (thoroughly mixed), and the (fluids) are (unmixed). This is accomplished by (a fluid barrier that allows the fluids to remain unmixed, while the thermal fields mix thoroughly. This is usually referred to as a heat exchanger).

Shown is a representation of a barrier between two fluids. The thermal fields can interact, but the fluids cannot.

Example—Rotating Field in an Electric Motor

The field coils must ROTATE in order to apply forces to turn the armature. The field coils must remain STATIONARY to keep the complexity of the field coils low.

The field element associated with the conflict is (a magnetic field). The substance element related to the conflict is (the field coils). The (magnetic field) is (rotating) while the (coils) are (stationary). This is achieved by (switching on the coils in a specific sequence. The direction of the magnetic field appears to rotate based on the order of the switching).

Practice—Two Tining Rake

Practice—The Cover That Wasn’t

Practice—I Just Can’t Stop

Practice—Too Flexible

Practice—Metallic Film

Practice—Special Delivery II

Practice—Construction Lights

Practice—A Slight Polishing

Practice–The Beat Goes On

Compensation

Method

Step 1: Set a critical property to one setting that resolves the main problem.

Step 2: Address the resulting issue by seeking another knob that can be adjusted to compensate.

Step 3: Tackle any harmful outcomes by either Idealizing Harmful Functions or by Neutralizing Harmful Functions with additional functions.

Step 4: Address diminished useful functions by Idealizing Useful Functions or Idealizing Informing Functions.

Explanation

Without special recognition, the method of resolving contradictions through compensation is introduced in some of Altshuller’s earliest works[90]. Thus far, we have only considered resolving contradictions by adjusting both settings. It is also feasible to address the contradiction by setting the critical property to just one setting. We can then compensate for this property setting by adjusting another knob. Furthermore, we could address any resulting harmful or weakened useful functions using tools that idealize or neutralize functions.

Example—Raking

Returning to the raking example mentioned at the chapter’s beginning, we can inquire what steps we might take if debris extraction is the primary issue with a flexible leaf rake. Let’s assume we have already formulated the causal analysis outlined below.

Step 1: Set a critical property to one setting that resolves the main problem.

The primary problem is debris extraction with the leaf rake due to the flexibility of the tines. We can address this issue by making the tines rigid. Unfortunately, this introduces several other problems. (We will focus solely on one of these by presuming that the secondary main function of the rake is debris collection, but not on lawns).

Step 2: Address this resulting problem by searching for another knob that can be adjusted to compensate.

We have already noted that debris leakage is also influenced by irregularly shaped ground and narrow tine spacing. We can compensate for the stiff tines by making the ground level and the tine spacing narrower.

Step 3: Address the resultant harmful functions by Idealizing Harmful Functions or by Neutralizing Harmful Functions with added functions.

Since debris extraction is a beneficial function, this step is not applicable.

Step 4: Address weakened useful functions by Idealizing Useful Functions or Idealizing Informing Functions

Since debris extraction is a useful function, we could utilize Idealizing Useful Functions. In this context, the embedded debris may not even exist in the first place.

Iterate on Solutions

Method

Rather than abandon any solution, we could continue along this solution path until we are satisfied with the outcome. Each solution pathway may branch multiple times through ensuing iterations. This is perfectly acceptable. It is not uncommon to have several viable solutions. The goal is to keep evolving the solutions as long as it is practical before making a decision. It is not unusual to have multiple ideas to work on simultaneously. In some respects, this fosters a very healthy mindset. Rather than concentrating on a single idea and taking it to completion, you will significantly enhance your chances of success by thinking in terms of sets of solutions.

Explanation

You have likely realized by now that there are numerous potential ways to address a contradiction, and many possible solution paths to a problem. Each solution path will guide you to a point where you can visualize a framework that moves you closer to resolving your issue. Unfortunately, this rarely happens on the first attempt. It is entirely feasible that resolving one contradiction may lead to other problems. You may recall the challenge of measuring the dimensions of a flexible boot. One approach to overcoming this issue is to tackle the contradiction that the boot must be soft to function properly while it must be rigid to be accurately measured. One method to resolve this contradiction is to freeze it in liquid nitrogen. This does, in fact, address the immediate contradiction, but it introduces a new problem. The material becomes distorted by the freezing process. Note that this new issue has nothing to do with the original contradiction. Now we face a new challenge that may appear more difficult than the initial problem.

Contradiction Exercises

These exercises are provided to give the reader experience solving contradictions. While there are known solutions for each of these, applying each of the methods allows for an element of the unknown.

Exercise—The Lesser Weevil

In the war on hunger, Russian scientists were studying the metabolism of the weevil. This required the scientists to be able to measure the body temperature over a period of time. Tiny temperature probes were proposed, which through the aid of a microscope could be inserted into the weevil.

The cost of these probes and placement apparatus were prohibitive. If the Weevil were only larger, we could put a normal thermometer into its mouth opening? The Weevil needs to be LARGE AND SMALL. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—Traffic Light

The lights in a traffic light must eventually FAIL due to the action of the current on the filament and to vibration. The traffic light must NOT FAIL in order to not cause traffic delays or make the intersection more dangerous.

This is an example of an output contradiction. Most people would think of this as the Y in the function. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—A Post and an Outpost

For years your company has produced an aircraft product which fits over two posts on your customer’s aircraft. Both the position and the diameter of the posts were closely controlled. Unfortunately, a recent production change by the customer allows a large variance in the distance between the posts.

Now there is no guarantee that the part which you produce will fit over the customers posts. (The diameter of the posts is still closely held). The customer is unwilling to change the new production process, but has instead asked you to modify the part so that it will fit snuggly in the application, without rotating. If the hole clearance is large, they can easily fit over, but they will not be snug. The Hole Clearance needs to be LOOSE & TIGHT Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—The Farmer’s Mush

“I can’t stand cold cereal anymore!” The farmer says. “Yes, but it takes a long time to make hot cereal the way that you like it! I’m not getting up any earlier to make it!” The farmer’s wife complains.

The cereal MUST BE PREPARED in order to nourish the farmer. It must NOT BE PREPARED in order to not fatigue the farmer’s wife. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—Controlled Explosions

During mining operations it is necessary to precisely time a series of explosions. One way to do this is to drop a conductive plug down a tube with electrical contacts spaced at precise intervals. As the conductive weight passes each set of contacts, continuity is established across the contacts and an explosive charge is detonated.

Unfortunately, in order to ensure continuity, the force of the contacts against the conductive weight needs to be high. This causes the timing to be erratic. Remember, this is a Flintstones timer. No further electronic circuits are available. All we have are metallic plugs and contacts. (If we already had magnetic relays, lasers and electronic timing circuits, we wouldn’t be dropping balls). There should be CONTACT & NO CONTACT. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—Vibrating Water Wheel

Consider an aluminum water wheel. Inlet flow strikes the blades after accelerating in the nozzle, transferring energy and momentum to the blade and wheel. During energy transfer the blade is bent slightly and released causing it to vibrate.

The resulting alternating stresses decrease the life of the turbine blades. If the pressure forces were eliminated, so would the vibration. (Assume a constant speed). The Pressure Forces should be HIGH & ABSENT. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—Two Tining Rake

A common garden rake is somewhat inefficient when raking small debris. While riding over uneven surfaces, unwanted debris settles into the uneven surface and the tines ride over the top without collecting the debris. If the tines were more flexible, they could ride over the uneven surfaces like a leaf rake and collect the materials. On the other hand, if the tines are flexible, then the rake is not useful for extracting embedded debris or for moving earth about. The Tine Flexibility should be FLEXIBLE & STIFF.

Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—The Cover That Wasn’t

In large plating operations, the plating tanks give off large amounts of corrosive gases. Over the course of time, these gases damage the plating facility and everything in it. Covering the tanks with non-corrosive covers would greatly reduce the evolution of gases, but a cover slows down production.

The Plating Tank Needs to be COVERED & UNCOVERED. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—I Just Can’t Stop

Electromagnetic coils are used for many applications which require the generation of force. Magnetic fields generated by the coil and the spool upon which the wire is wound interact with plungers also made of magnetic materials. Usually, the flow of current to the coil is initiated by throwing a switch which allows electrons to begin flowing. Such coils are natural inductors, meaning that the flow of electrons begins slowly, like trying to push a heavy object. When it comes time to turn off the coil, the opposite effect occurs.

The electrons do not want to stop moving, but “bunch up” causing high voltages. In many applications this causes difficulties such as sparking (deteriorating brushes and switches or causing electromagnetic pulses) or high voltages across other elements. The current path needs to be CONTINUOUS AND INTERRUPTED. Resolve this contradiction using any method

Exercise—Too Flexible

Various diameters of a thin rubber boot (which covers part of a car shift mechanism) must be measured with great accuracy at several points. Unfortunately, the micrometer which is used deforms the boot during the measurement. This makes the measurement inaccurate. How can the boot be measured more accurately? The Boot Flexibility Needs to be FLEXIBLE & STIFF. Resolve the Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—Soft Water

The addition of bubbles to diving pools is a good way to keep diving injuries to a minimum. This is especially true when diving from great heights. Unfortunately, the diver is no longer buoyant in the water and finds it difficult to surface after a dive. The Bubbles need to be EXISTENT AND ABSENT. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—Free-Fall Plating

Crystals grown in a micro-gravity environment have unusual properties. Such an environment is created by objects in free-fall. A space craft in orbit about the earth achieves this same effect by being in a constant free fall state. Plating in such a free-fall state might also have unusual properties. We are a small company which cannot afford a shuttle experiment. How can we perform such experiments? A Plating Tank State should be FREE FALL & NOT FREE FALL. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—Metallic Film

In the production of metallic laminates, Thick metallic films are produced by successively rolling the metal between rollers until it reaches the desired thickness. The resulting film is rolled up into large rolls which are easily manipulated. When making ultra thin films for laminates, new problems arise. Because the film is so thin, both the production and manipulation becomes difficult. The tolerance between rollers becomes unreasonable and handling damage becomes very high. The laminate must be THICK & ULTRA-THIN. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—Special Delivery

During war in a third world country, an effective means of gaining support from the local people is to give them much needed supplies such as medicine, food and clothing. In order to avoid anti-aircraft and small arms fire, the drop plane must fly high. If the package is dense and compact, it falls with pinpoint accuracy. A chute opens near the end to keep the contents from being damaged. Unfortunately, enemy troops on the ground then confiscate the package and hoard the supplies to themselves.

They quickly discover that the contents are useful and look for them. The Package Contents must be USEFUL AND USELESS Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—Special Delivery II

Dropping many packages gets more packages into the hands that need them, but high winds may disperse the drop if they are dropped separately. The Package Configuration must be COMPACT AND DISPERSED. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—Super Yacht

A small ship building company considers a contract to build a super yacht. The yacht is so big that only a third will fit into their dock. “We will need to build this in the open harbor.” A frustrated engineer says. “We can’t do that; we need the availability of lifts and tools.”

The Building Location: It should be IN THE HARBOR& AT THEDOCK. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—Eternal Sand

Inscriptions on grave stones are made by sandblasting the polished stone through a rubber mask. The mask is attached to the stone by adhesive and later peeled off. The sand is ejected through a nozzle at high velocity in a pneumatic stream. The sand can be reused for a time, but must eventually be replenished because it breaks down and becomes too fine for use. A large operation must replenish the sand often and dispose of the used sand.

The volume of the sand which is used must be LARGE AND SMALL. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—Take Smaller Bites

A rule of thumb for cutting a piece of metal in a band saw is to have at least three teeth on the piece of metal. This is because the point loading becomes too high. This causes bad things to happen such as breaking teeth, blades or rough cutting. On the other hand, if the teeth are too fine, the point loading on each tooth is too small. In a large production shop where many pieces of metal are cut, it is necessary to cut both thick and thin pieces.

How can we speed up production? The Tooth Spacing Needs to be FINE & COARSE.

Exercise—Construction Lights

During large construction projects, it is desirable to light a work area the size of many football fields. It would be desirable to have one very large and high light.

But, doing this is prohibitive because of the large structure that would be required to support the light.

The construction light needs to be HIGH & LOW. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—Blistering Coils

Product on an assembly line must pass under a heating coil in order to be fully treated. The product that passes under the center part of the coil is fully treated, but the product that passes under the coil at the edge of the conveyor belt is not fully treated. If the coil spacing was finer, the outer product could be fully treated. However, the product at the center of the belt is over-heated. The Coil Spacing should be FINE & COARSE.

Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—Radiation Treatment

High levels of radiation can damage the structure of cells and cause them to cease functioning. This is useful in the treatment of tumors. A beam of high energy radiation is focused on the tumor. After the procedure, the tumor shrinks. Unfortunately, the tissue surrounding the tumor is also damaged by the high energy radiation.

The Radiation Intensity needs to be HIGH AND LOW. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—Blistering Coils II

Product on an assembly line must pass under a heating coil in order to be fully treated. The product that passes under the center part of the coil is fully treated, but the product that passes under the coil at the edge of the conveyor belt is not fully treated. If the coil length is much longer, the product will be uniformly heated as it passes under the coil. Unfortunately, a lot of energy is wasted.

The Coil Length should be EXCESSIVE & THE WIDTH OF THE BELT. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—Blistering Coils III

Product on an assembly line must pass under a heating coil in order to be fully treated. The product that passes under the center part of the coil is fully treated, but the product that passes under the coil at the edge of the conveyor belt is not fully treated. If the product speed were slower at the edges, the product will be uniformly heated as it passes under the coil.

If the product is slowed down, the center pieces will be over heated. The belt speed should be SLOW & FAST. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—Molecular Wind Pump

A molecular wind is created by applying a very high voltage source to a very sharp object. The electrostatic field gradient at the tip is very high. Any stray electrons in the gas (knocked off by a stray gamma ray for example) are accelerated by the field and collide with other molecules causing an avalanche of charges seen as a “corona discharge”. The resulting ionized molecules are repelled from the charged object, causing a molecular wind. The wind is localized to the point and could be used to pump rarified gas, except that the movement of the gas is so small.

The Local Gas Movement should be SMALL & LARGE. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—Fish to the Rescue

Like most large predators, a shark will follow its prey in close pursuit until the smaller prey exhausts its energy. Although the prey may be more nimble, it cannot outrun its larger foe forever. If the smaller fish could dodge and dart forever, it could easily outmaneuver the larger shark. The Fish should have INFINITE ENDURANCE in order to outrun the shark and NORMAL ENDURANCE because that is how small fish are.

Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—A Slight Polishing

Your company polishes the edges of glass plates. Thousands of plates are polished each day. The edges of the glass plates are polished on a fast moving belt covered with abrasive materials. One day an order comes in for polishing glass plates which are only .010 inches thick. The first attempts to polish the edges are catastrophic. The edges are chipped so badly that the plates are unusable. Due to the high volume of plates which are normally processed, it is not practical to change the machinery.

The problem would go away if the plates were THICK, but they only come THIN. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—Blood Brain Barrier

Some medicines need to be delivered to the brain, but cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. Molecules that pass easily are lipids and sugars. How can these medicines be delivered across the blood-brain barrier? The composition should be LIPID & NON-LIPID.

Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—A Limit to Cell Phones

Cell phone cases have become increasingly thinner. This reduces the weight and cost of raw materials. The traditional method of production has been injection molding. But, injection molding has reached several limits. The pressures required to inject into increasingly narrow passages is very high. Additionally, the cases are required to do more. They must be as rigid as metal and conductive like metal to reduce electromagnetic interference, yet they should be made from light moldable materials like plastic.

The cases should be METALLIC & PLASTIC. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—Ugly Cookies

A production line for gourmet cookies has just been brought on line and has been in production for several days. The plant manager’s wife inspects the cookies and discovers that they do not look like her home-made recipe. They are well shaped on one side but malformed on the other. “The equipment will have to be retooled to make them bake right” the wife says. “It’s too late!” The plant manager says. “We have produced ten tons and the cookie introduction is next week at the Convention.” The cookies should be MALFORMED & WELL SHAPED.

Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—What’s Up Dock

“We’ll make a fortune” the small investor said. “When they build the houses around this lake, everyone will want a place to dock their boats and we got the last parcel on the lake”. “Yes, but it is too small to store many boats” his wife complained. “And we are not allowed to build the dock out more than 20 yards”. “I know” she continued “We can fill every available square foot with dock and boats!” “We still will not be able to store enough boats to make money” the investor said after making a few calculations.

The Dock should be SMALL & LARGE. Resolve this contradiction using any

Exercise—Storing Almost Protons

Hydrogen is very difficult to store as a gas. This is primarily because of the high gas constant. A small mass of gas can exert very high pressures when constrained to a small volume. In order to reduce the stresses in the vessel walls, the walls are made very thick. The resulting vessel weight is high (95%) compared to the weight of the hydrogen (5%). If only the pressure forces were not so high, the vessel walls could be made much thinner.

The Pressure Forces should be LOW & HIGH. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—Log Jam

Every few hours, a train enters the depot with several cars full of logs. It is the job of the inspector to measure each log diameter. Unfortunately the train does not stay long. So far, the problem has been solved by hiring many inspectors.

The inspectors have nothing to do between trains and sit for hours. The productivity of the inspectors is low. If the logs would just stay at the station for a long time, one inspector could do the job and would be fully occupied.

The Stopping Time Needs to be LONG & SHORT. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

Exercise—the Beat Goes On

Heart surgery is sometimes required for battlefield wounds to the heart. Small pieces of shrapnel become lodged in the heart muscle. Usually, the heart is stopped, temporarily, to repair it since it is very difficult to operate on a beating heart. This stoppage of blood flow is very traumatic for the rest of the body which may be badly damaged. If it were possible to operate on the beating heart, there would likely be more survivors.

The Heart Movement must be BEATING & STILL. Resolve this contradiction using any method.

References

[1] Inventive Principle #3—Local Quality: Transition from homogeneous to heterogeneous structure of an object or outside environment (action). Different parts of an object should carry out different functions. Each part of an object should be placed under conditions that are most favorable for its operation. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[2] Separation in Time appears in Creativity as an Exact Science-The Theory of the Solution of Inventive Problems by G.S. Altshuller. Gordon and Breach. It can be found in the appendix discussing ARIZ 77

[3] Inventive Principle #24—Mediator: Use an intermediary object to transfer or carry out an action. Temporarily connect the original object to one that is easily removed. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[4] Inventive Principle #36—Phase Transition: Using the phenomena of phase change (i.e., a change in volume, the liberation or absorption of heat, etc.). Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[5] Inventive Principle #1—Segmentation: Divide an object into independent parts. Make an object sectional (for easy assembly or disassembly). Increase the degree of an object’s segmentation. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[6] Inventive Principle #15—Dynamicity: Characteristics of an object or outside environment, must be altered to provide optimal performance at each stage of an operation. If an object is immobile, make it mobile. Make it interchangeable. Divide an object into elements capable of changing their position relative to each other. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[7] Separation in Space appears in Creativity as an Exact Science-The Theory of the Solution of Inventive Problems by G.S. Altshuller published by Gordon and Breach. It can be found in the appendix discussing ARIZ 77

[8] Inventive Principle #2—Extraction: (Extracting, Retrieving, Removing). Extract the “disturbing” part or property from an object. Extract only the necessary part or property from an object. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[9] Inventive Principle #3—Local Quality: Transition from homogeneous to heterogeneous structure of an object or outside environment (action). Different parts of an object should carry out different functions. Each part of an object should be placed under conditions that are most favorable for its operation. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[10] Separation between the Parts and the Whole appears in Creativity as an Exact Science-The Theory of the Solution of Inventive Problems by G.S. Altshuller published by Gordon and Breach. It can be found in the appendix discussing ARIZ 77 Page 292

[11] Inventive Principle #24—Mediator: Use an intermediary object to transfer or carry out an action. Temporarily connect the original object to one that is easily removed. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[12] Inventive Principle #1—Segmentation: Divide an object into independent parts. Make an object sectional (for easy assembly or disassembly). Increase the degree of an object’s segmentation. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[13] Inventive Principle #5—Consolidation: Consolidate in space homogeneous objects, or objects destined for contiguous operations. Consolidate in time homogeneous or contiguous operations. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[14] Inventive Principle #8—Counterweight: Compensate for the weight of an object by combining it with another object that provides a lifting force. Compensate for the weight of an object with aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces influenced by the outside environment. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[15] A version of this approach can be found in Creativity as an Exact Science-The Theory of the Solution of Inventive Problems by G.S. Altshuller. Gordon and Breach in the appendix which explains ARIZ 77.

[16] Separation in Time appears in Creativity as an Exact Science-The Theory of the Solution of Inventive Problems by G.S. Altshuller. Gordon and Breach. It can be found in the appendix discussing ARIZ 77

[17] Inventive Principle #24—Mediator: Use an intermediary object to transfer or carry out an action. Temporarily connect the original object to one that is easily removed. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[18] Inventive Principle #1—Segmentation: Divide an object into independent parts. Make an object sectional (for easy assembly or disassembly). Increase the degree of an object’s segmentation. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[19] Inventive Principle #15—Dynamicity: Characteristics of an object or outside environment, must be altered to provide optimal performance at each stage of an operation. If an object is immobile, make it mobile. Make it interchangeable. Divide an object into elements capable of changing their position relative to each other. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[20] Inventive Principle #10—Prior Action: Perform required changes to an object completely or partially in advance. Place objects in advance so that they can go into action immediately from the most convenient location. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[21] Inventive Principle #10—Prior Action: Perform required changes to an object completely or partially in advance. Place objects in advance so that they can go into action immediately from the most convenient location. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[22] Inventive Principle #16—Partial or Excessive Action: If it is difficult to obtain 100% of a desired effect, achieve more or less of the desired effect. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[24] Inventive Principle #16—Partial or Excessive Action: If it is difficult to obtain 100% of a desired effect, achieve more or less of the desired effect. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[25] STANDARD 1-1-6. If a minimum (measured, optimal) effect of action is required, but it is difficult or impossible to provide it under the conditions of the problem, use a maximum action, while the excess of the action is then removed. Excess of a substance is removed by a field, while excess of a field is removed by a substance. Example: To paint a part accurately, the part first loaded into a container with the paint, and then subjected to rotation. Excess of paint is removed due to centrifugal forces.

[26] Larry Miller—Email Feb 10, 2012

[27] Inventive Principle #9—Prior Counteraction: Preload counter-tension to an object to compensate excessive and undesirable stress. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[28] Larry Miller Feb 10, 2012 email concerning software examples of TRIZ concepts.

[29] Larry Miller Feb 10th 2012—Email describing software examples of resolving contradictions.

[30] Inventive Principle #8—Counterweight: Compensate for the weight of an object by combining it with another object that provides a lifting force. Compensate for the weight of an object with aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces influenced by the outside environment. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[31] Inventive Principle #32—Changing the color: Change the color of an object or its environment. Change the degree of translucency of an object or its environment. Use color additives to observe an object or process which is difficult to see. If such additives are already used, employ luminescent traces or trace atoms. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[32] Inventive Principle #39—Inert Environment: Replace a normal environment with an inert one. Introduce a neutral substance or additives into an object. Carry out the process in a vacuum. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[33] Inventive Principle #36—Phase Transition: Using the phenomena of phase change (i.e., a change in volume, the liberation or absorption of heat, etc.). Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[34] STANDARD 5-3-1. Efficiency of the use of a substance without introducing other substances can be improved by changing its phase.

STANDARD 5-3-2. “Dual” properties are provided by using substances capable of converting from one phase to another according to operating conditions.

STANDARD 5-3-3. Efficiency of a system can be improved by the use of physical phenomena accompanying a phase transition. Notes: Structure of a substance, density, thermal conductivity, etc. also change along with the change of aggregate state during all types of phase transitions. In addition, during phase transitions, energy may be released or absorbed.

STANDARD 5-3-4. “Dual” properties of a system are provided by replacing a single-phase state of the substance with a dual-phase state.

STANDARD 5-3-5. Efficiency of systems obtained as a result of replacing a substance’s single- phase state with a dual-phase state can be improved by introducing interaction (physical or chemical) between parts (phases) of the system.

STANDARD 5-4-1. If an object is to be alternating between different physical states, the transition is performed by the object itself using reversible physical transformations, e.g. phase transitions, ionization-recombination, dissociation-association, etc. Note: A dynamic balance providing for the process self-adjustment or stabilization may be maintained in the dual-phase state.

[35] Inventive Principle #19—Periodic Action: Replace a continuous action with a periodic one (impulse). If the action is already periodic, change its frequency. Use pauses between impulses to provide additional action. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[36] Inventive Principle #29—Pneumatic or Hydraulic Constructions: Replace solid parts of an object with a gas or liquid. These parts can now use air or water for inflation, or use pneumatic or hydrostatic cushions. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[37] Inventive Principle #24—Mediator: Use an intermediary object to transfer or carry out an action. Temporarily connect the original object to one that is easily removed. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[38] Inventive Principle #27—Dispose: Replace an expensive object with a cheap one, compromising other properties (i.e., longevity). Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[39] Inventive Principle #34—Rejecting and Regenerating Parts: After completing its function, or becoming useless, an element of an object is rejected (discarded, dissolved, evaporated, etc.) or modified during its work process. Used-up parts of an object should be restored during its work. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[40] Inventive Principle #7—Nesting (Matrioshka): One object is placed inside another. That object is placed inside a third one. And so on. An object passes through a cavity in another object. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[41] Inventive Principle #1—Segmentation: Divide an object into independent parts. Make an object sectional (for easy assembly or disassembly). Increase the degree of an object’s segmentation. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[42] Inventive Principle #27—Dispose: Replace an expensive object with a cheap one, compromising other properties (i.e., longevity). Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[43] Inventive Principle #1—Segmentation: Divide an object into independent parts. Make an object sectional (for easy assembly or disassembly). Increase the degree of an object’s segmentation. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[44] Inventive Principle #7—Nesting (Matrioshka): One object is placed inside another. That object is placed inside a third one. And so on. An object passes through a cavity in another object. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[45] Inventive Principle #8—Counterweight: Compensate for the weight of an object by combining it with another object that provides a lifting force. Compensate for the weight of an object with aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces influenced by the outside environment. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[46] Inventive Principle #2—Extraction: (Extracting, Retrieving, Removing). Extract the “disturbing” part or property from an object. Extract only the necessary part or property from an object. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[47] Inventive Principle #15—Dynamicity: Characteristics of an object or outside environment, must be altered to provide optimal performance at each stage of an operation. If an object is immobile, make it mobile. Make it interchangeable. Divide an object into elements capable of changing their position relative to each other. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[48] Inventive Principle #3—Local Quality: Transition from homogeneous to heterogeneous structure of an object or outside environment (action). Different parts of an object should carry out different functions. Each part of an object should be placed under conditions that are most favorable for its operation. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[49] Inventive Principle #1—Segmentation: Divide an object into independent parts. Make an object sectional (for easy assembly or disassembly). Increase the degree of an object’s segmentation. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[50] Inventive Principle #7—Nesting (Matrioshka): One object is placed inside another. That object is placed inside a third one. And so on. An object passes through a cavity in another object. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[51] Inventive Principle #26—Copying: A simplified and inexpensive copy should be used in place of a fragile original or an object that is inconvenient to operate. If a visible optical copy is used, replace it with an infrared or ultraviolet copies. Replace an object (or system of objects) with their optical image. The image can then be reduced or enlarged. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[52] Separating Gradually may be construed to have appeared in Creativity as an Exact Science-The Theory of the Solution of Inventive Problems by G.S. Altshuller published by Gordon and Breach. It can be found in the appendix discussing ARIZ 77 Page 292 It is described as “using transitory states in which contradictory properties either coexist or appear alternately. While this is not a great description and does not appear to anticipate such principles as repeated use, it does allow for transitory appearance of both conflicting properties.

[53] Inventive Principle #34—Rejecting and Regenerating Parts: After completing its function, or becoming useless, an element of an object is rejected (discarded, dissolved, evaporated, etc.) or modified during its work process. Used-up parts of an object should be restored during its work. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[54] Inventive Principle #14—Spheroidality: Replace linear parts with curved parts, flat surfaces with spherical surfaces, and cube shapes with ball shapes. Use rollers, balls, spirals. Replace linear motion with rotational motion ; utilize centrifugal force. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[55] Inventive Principle #27—Dispose: Replace an expensive object with a cheap one, compromising other properties (i.e., longevity). Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[56] Inventive Principle #1—Segmentation: Divide an object into independent parts. Make an object sectional (for easy assembly or disassembly). Increase the degree of an object’s segmentation. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[57] Inventive Principle #7—Nesting (Matrioshka): One object is placed inside another. That object is placed inside a third one. And so on. An object passes through a cavity in another object. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[58] Inventive Principle #7—Nesting (Matrioshka): One object is placed inside another. That object is placed inside a third one. And so on. An object passes through a cavity in another object. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[59] Separation in Space appears in Creativity as an Exact Science-The Theory of the Solution of Inventive Problems by G.S. Altshuller published by Gordon and Breach. It can be found in the appendix discussing ARIZ 77

[60] Inventive Principle #3—Local Quality: Transition from homogeneous to heterogeneous structure of an object or outside environment (action). Different parts of an object should carry out different functions. Each part of an object should be placed under conditions that are most favorable for its operation. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[61] Inventive Principle #2—Extraction: (Extracting, Retrieving, Removing). Extract the “disturbing” part or property from an object. Extract only the necessary part or property from an object. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[62] Inventive Principle #1—Segmentation: Divide an object into independent parts. Make an object sectional (for easy assembly or disassembly). Increase the degree of an object’s segmentation. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[63] Inventive Principle #40—Composite Materials: Replace homogeneous materials with composite ones. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[64] Inventive Principle #7—Nesting (Matrioshka): One object is placed inside another. That object is placed inside a third one. And so on. An object passes through a cavity in another object. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[65] Inventive Principle #24—Mediator: Use an intermediary object to transfer or carry out an action. Temporarily connect the original object to one that is easily removed. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[66] Inventive Principle #26—Copying: A simplified and inexpensive copy should be used in place of a fragile original or an object that is inconvenient to operate. If a visible optical copy is used, replace it with an infrared or ultraviolet copies. Replace an object (or system of objects) with their optical image. The image can then be reduced or enlarged. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[67] Inventive Principle #8—Counterweight: Compensate for the weight of an object by combining it with another object that provides a lifting force. Compensate for the weight of an object with aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces influenced by the outside environment. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[68] Separation between the Parts and the Whole appears in Creativity as an Exact Science-The Theory of the Solution of Inventive Problems by G.S. Altshuller published by Gordon and Breach. It can be found in the appendix discussing ARIZ 77 Page 292

[69] STANDARD 3-1-5. Efficiency of bi- and poly-systems can be improved by distributing incompatible properties among the system and its parts. This is achieved by using a two-level structure in which the system as a whole has a certain property A, while its parts (particles) have property anti-A. Example: A working part of a vice is made of segmented plates capable of moving relatively each other. Parts of various shapes can be gripped quickly.

[70] Inventive Principle #1—Segmentation: Divide an object into independent parts. Make an object sectional (for easy assembly or disassembly). Increase the degree of an object’s segmentation. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[71] Inventive Principle #8—Counterweight: Compensate for the weight of an object by combining it with another object that provides a lifting force. Compensate for the weight of an object with aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces influenced by the outside environment. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[72] Inventive Principle #1—Segmentation: Divide an object into independent parts. Make an object sectional (for easy assembly or disassembly). Increase the degree of an object’s segmentation. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[73] Inventive Principle #5—Consolidation: Consolidate in space homogeneous objects, or objects destined for contiguous operations. Consolidate in time homogeneous or contiguous operations. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[74] Inventive Principle #1—Segmentation: Divide an object into independent parts. Make an object sectional (for easy assembly or disassembly). Increase the degree of an object’s segmentation. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[75] Inventive Principle #7—Nesting (Matrioshka): One object is placed inside another. That object is placed inside a third one. And so on. An object passes through a cavity in another object. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[76] Inventive Principle #15—Dynamicity: Characteristics of an object or outside environment, must be altered to provide optimal performance at each stage of an operation. If an object is immobile, make it mobile. Make it interchangeable. Divide an object into elements capable of changing their position relative to each other. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[77] Inventive Principle #24—Mediator: Use an intermediary object to transfer or carry out an action. Temporarily connect the original object to one that is easily removed. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[78] Inventive Principle #7—Nesting (Matrioshka): One object is placed inside another. That object is placed inside a third one. And so on. An object passes through a cavity in another object. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[79] Inventive Principle #1—Segmentation: Divide an object into independent parts. Make an object sectional (for easy assembly or disassembly). Increase the degree of an object’s segmentation. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[80] Inventive Principle #11—Cushion in Advance: Compensate for the relatively low reliability of an object with emergency measures prepared in advance. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[81] Inventive Principle #17—Transition Into a New Dimension: Transition one-dimensional movement, or placement, of objects into two- dimensional ; two-dimensional to three- dimensional, etc. Utilize multi-level composition of objects. Incline an object, or place it on its side. Utilize the opposite side of a given surface. Project optical lines onto neighboring areas, or onto the reverse side, of an object. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[82] Inventive Principle #8—Counterweight: Compensate for the weight of an object by combining it with another object that provides a lifting force. Compensate for the weight of an object with aerodynamic or hydrodynamic forces influenced by the outside environment. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[83] Inventive Principle #15—Dynamicity: Characteristics of an object or outside environment, must be altered to provide optimal performance at each stage of an operation. If an object is immobile, make it mobile. Make it interchangeable. Divide an object into elements capable of changing their position relative to each other. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[84] Inventive Principle #32—Changing the color: Change the color of an object or its environment. Change the degree of translucency of an object or its environment. Use color additives to observe an object or process which is difficult to see. If such additives are already used, employ luminescent traces or trace atoms. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[85] Inventive Principle #32—Changing the color: Change the color of an object or its environment. Change the degree of translucency of an object or its environment. Use color additives to observe an object or process which is difficult to see. If such additives are already used, employ luminescent traces or trace atoms. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[86] Krishnamurthy Vaidyanathan—email dated April 11, 2012

[87] Krishnamurthy Vaidyanathan—email dated April 11, 2012

[88] Inventive Principle #32—Changing the color: Change the color of an object or its environment. Change the degree of translucency of an object or its environment. Use color additives to observe an object or process which is difficult to see. If such additives are already used, employ luminescent traces or trace atoms. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[89] The Innovation Algorithm by Genrich Altshuller page 99

[90] An Example of Compensation can be found on page 34 of The Innovation Algorithm by G.S. Altshuller, Technical Innovation center. First Edition 1999. What is described is a diving mask that distorts the vision of the diver due to the change of index of refraction between the water and glass which have a refractive index around 1.5 and the air which has a refractive index around 1.0. (Think about the last time that you used diving goggles with a flat glass or plastic plate.) The refractive index is the parameter which drives the distortion which is the problem that needs to be overcome. A second parameter is found that compensates for the difference in refractive index and that is the curvature of the glass. The curvature of the glass can be used to compensate and even correct the vision of the diver which may have imperfect vision when not underwater. (Many divers try to wear their normal corrective glasses by wedging them into diving goggles. Unfortunately, this, alone, does not change the original distortion of the diving goggles.)

Subscribe to receive updates on new eBooks and exclusive content.

*By subscribing you agree to our Terms & Conditions