Neutralizing Harmful Functions
Neutralizing Harmful Functions
Copyright
Acknowledgements
This book is the work of a collaborative group.
Contributors
Larry Ball (Primary Author)
David Troness
Kartik Ariyur
Jason Huang
Steve Hickman
Petr Krupansky
Larry Miller
Editors
Erika Ball
Larry Ball
David Troness
Paul Dwyer
S. Robert Lang
Illustrators
Larry Ball
David Troness
Other Authors, Theoreticians, Practitioners Whose Writings or Teachings have Impacted This Work
Genrich Altshuller
Ellen Domb
Roni Horowitz
John Terninko
Alla Zusman
Boris Zlotin
Lev Shulyak
Yuri Salamatov
Victor Fey
Eugene Rivin
Darrell Mann
Sergei Ikovenko
Simon Litvin
Peter Ulan
Lane Desborough
Clayton Christensen
Renee Mauborgne
Kim Chan
Where the Material Comes From
Much of the material for this book was inspired by the thought leaders mentioned. The original intent was to codify the insights of these thought leaders, but the process of codification ultimately led to the synthesis of other innovative methods. This is because codification necessitated recognizing patterns of similarity among tools. Once this was accomplished, the various tools were categorized with key decisions. Decisions generate and create information that flows to subsequent decisions. Patterns and gaps became evident during this formative process. Experimental methods were introduced into the gaps. The validity of these experimental methods lies in whether they truly assist the reader in identifying product or process characteristics that will satisfy the market.
Introduction to Neutralizing Harmful Functions
Prerequisite Knowledge: If you have not read the TRIZ Power Tools Working With Functions, please do so before diving into this book.
Each book in the TRIZ Power Tools series is designed to serve as an algorithm.
Neutralizing harmful functions requires adding useful functions to the system to counteract the other harmful functions.
Generally, we prefer not to add functions to a system. This can increase the complexity and cost, and every new element brings its own burdens. Until now, we have emphasized that all efforts should lead to simplification. Our primary focus should remain on removing elements from the system to address the problem. However, there is an exception to this rule. We may allow ourselves to add elements or complexity to the system if there is a greater offset elsewhere in the system or super-system. In certain situations, justifying an increase in a system’s complexity is acceptable if it results in a reduction of the super-system’s complexity.
By the time we consider neutralizing functions, we have already tried to idealize the harmful function by either making it beneficial or avoiding it altogether. If that fails, we have sought to mobilize existing resources to diminish the negative impacts of the harmful function. If a contradiction arises, we would resolve it.
As a final resort, we will contemplate adding functions to the system to mitigate the harmful functions. We will also permit the inclusion of functions and their associated elements as a last measure. However, we will strive to “add without adding.” In other words, we will explore ways to perform the functions without introducing new elements.
It is important to note that resolving contradictions may necessitate the addition of functions, especially when applying the principle of Separation in Time.
It is noteworthy that many of the Solution Standards and other TRIZ tools are articulated in functional language. Suggestions for neutralizing functions arise from restructuring and reinterpreting the components of the Solution Standards.
The order of the approaches reflects those that lead to the most ideal systems first. For instance, it is preferable to consider stopping harm before evaluating how it might be detected, healed, or how redundancy could be provided.
The reader will notice that there are numerous examples of function diagrams. This is not mere decoration. The process of creating a function diagram encourages the user to view the problem from a different perspective.
Methods for Neutralizing Harmful Functions
Method: Weaken or Misinform the Harmful Tool
Method:
Step 1: Consider potential modifications to the tool that prevent harm from the outset. If the tool demonstrates intelligence, identify the misinformation it requires.
Step 2: Identify the physical phenomenon that would enable the modification. If the tool demonstrates intelligence, consider concealing or camouflaging the product.
Step 3: Identify the tool that would deliver the physical phenomenon. Try to find ways to get other objects in the system to perform the modification. If possible, the tool should perform it on itself[1]. If the tool exhibits intelligence and the misinformation must occur during the harmful modification, consider which object will mislead the tool.
Explanation:
If the existence of the tool is unavoidable, identify preventative modifications on the harmful tool that will weaken the negative effect on the product while the product is being harmed.
Sometimes, the harmful object exhibits intelligent action. We can prevent harm by misleading the tools so that the harmful function does not occur in the first place, or it can be deceived while the harmful modification is happening. The ideal tool is misled.
Example—Wing Icing
At high altitudes, the air can be very pure and free of particulates. Under these conditions, water can
At high altitudes, the air can be very pure and free of particulates. Under these conditions, water can exist in liquid form at temperatures much lower than freezing. The water needs a solid surface upon which to nucleate before it will freeze. This is unfortunate for aircraft flying through these supercooled water droplets because the instant the water strikes the leading edge of the wing, it freezes. The airflow over the wing forces the water droplets to follow an unusual path. The ice begins to accumulate. Now the water nucleates on the ice and starts to form two ridges along the leading edge of the wing. A cross-section of the wing appears as though horns are developing on the leading edge. This shape disrupts the airflow over the wings to such an extent that it completely loses lift, causing the plane to plummet to the earth. If it were only possible to weaken the tool (the ice on the leading edge which nucleates the ice) or the product (in this case, the water droplets that are channeled), then the ice would not form on the leading edge of the wing.
Step 1: Consider potential modifications to the tool that prevent harm in the first place. If the tool exhibits intelligence, then identify the misinformation that the tool requires.
The leading edge of the wing is the tool that must be weakened to prevent it from being a surface upon which the ice will form. Another approach might be to weaken the product, or water droplets. If they could be turned into ice before striking the leading edge of the wing, then they would bounce harmlessly off the wing instead of sticking.
Step 2: Identify the physical phenomenon that would deliver the modification. If the tool exhibits intelligence, consider hiding or camouflaging the product.
Heating the leading edge of the wing will weaken the ice that forms in ridges. Another possibility could involve using ultrasound to crystallize the water droplets before they impact the wing. It is known that ultrasound can be used to crystallize supercooled liquids.
Step 3: Identify the tool that would deliver the physical phenomenon. Try to find ways to get other objects in the system to perform the modification. If possible, the tool should perform it on itself[2]. If the tool exhibits intelligence and the misinformation must occur during the harmful modification, consider what object will misinform the tool.
It may be possible to heat the leading edge of the wing to weaken the ice that forms there. It may also be feasible to use the airflow itself to generate strong ultrasonic waves to crystallize the droplets of water.
Example—Acid Container
Step 1: Consider potential modifications to the tool that prevent harm in the first place. If the tool exhibits intelligence, then identify the misinformation that the tool requires.
Ultimately, what we want is for fewer hydrogen ions to attack the pan. This is problematic because we need a strong acid to corrode the coupons. One solution is to address the contradiction: the acid needs to be weak enough to avoid corroding the pan but strong enough to corrode the coupons. We can explore this possible contradiction later.
Step 2: Identify the physical phenomenon that would facilitate the modification. If the tool demonstrates intelligence, consider concealing or camouflaging the product.
There are various methods to achieve this, such as diluting the acid or causing the hydrogen ions to react with a base to eliminate them from the solution.
Step 3: Identify the tool that would implement the physical phenomenon. Explore ways to have other objects in the system perform the modification. If possible, the tool should execute it on itself[3]. If the tool exhibits intelligence and the misinformation must occur during the harmful modification, consider which object will mislead the tool.
Water can dilute the acid, or any base can remove hydrogen ions. If we consider the tool acting on itself, we realize that the negative ion present in the solution with the hydrogen ions can bind to the hydrogen ions as long as water is excluded from the solution. This leads us to the potential use of the solid form of the acid, which will not react with the pan.
Example—Pile Driving
The purpose of this is to weaken the soil so that it does not exert pressure on the pile.
Step 1: Consider possible modifications to the tool that prevent harm from occurring. If the tool demonstrates intelligence, then identify the misinformation that the tool requires.
Since there are no intelligent agents present, we will not consider misleading the soil. Weakening the detrimental force means that the soil cannot sustain a significant amount of stress without yielding. We must find ways to minimize the yield stress of the soil.
Step 2: Identify the physical phenomenon that would facilitate the modification. If the tool demonstrates intelligence, consider concealing or camouflaging the product.
One approach is to separate the soil particles.
Other alternatives include further segmenting the soil. Large rocks should be reduced to sand.
The shape of the soil particles should lessen the interaction between them. For example, the particles should be round and small like little balls, allowing the pile to glide smoothly through the soil.
A lubricant could be utilized to reduce the interaction.
Step 3: Identify the tool that would produce the physical phenomenon. Seek ways to enable other objects in the system to carry out the modification. If possible, the tool should be able to perform this on itself[4]. If the tool demonstrates intelligence and misleading must occur during the detrimental modification, consider which object will mislead the tool.
The simplest option is to have water separate the soil particles to weaken their interaction. As we are driving the piles into the water, it may also be possible to inject water between the soil particles.
Method: Max and Min Action with Minimum Field
Method
Step 1: If the effect is amplified everywhere and harm may occur, then we may choose to use the minimum field.
Step 2: If the field is minimal and cannot be amplified, then we may have to implement the minimum field.
Step 3: Since we are going to use the minimum field, a substance or field is introduced to amplify the effects of the field where necessary.
Explanation
A maximum effect needs to occur in one zone, while a minimal action is required in another zone, but the field must be minimized.[5] This usually happens where a useful function is needed but the fields are insufficient to perform that function. The ideal product can receive the action, although not without some modification. We still want the minimum action everywhere else.
Example—Welding Parts
During welding, the properties of adjacent materials are affected or compromised. (This example is drawn from the reference below)
Step 1: If the effect is amplified everywhere and harm may occur, then we may choose to use the minimum field.
In this situation, a high heat field applied uniformly will damage other elements.
Step 2: If the field is minimal and cannot be amplified, then we must use the minimum field.
The field is manageable, so this does not apply.
Step 3: Since we are going to use the minimum field, a substance or field is introduced to amplify the effects of the field where needed.
An exothermic powder such as thermite, which generates extra heat, is introduced between the parts.
Example—Acid Container
We need to weaken the acid everywhere except at the site of corrosion.
Step 1: If the effect is widespread and some damage will occur, we may choose to use the minimum field.
Damage does occur elsewhere; therefore, we desire the minimum corrosion field to apply everywhere except at the location of the desired corrosion.
Step 2: If the field is minimal and cannot be amplified, we may need to utilize the minimum field.
No, the field can be easily amplified, so this condition is not applicable. It suffices that damage will occur elsewhere if the corrosion fields remain unchanged.
Step 3: Given that we will use the minimum field, a substance or field is introduced to amplify the effects of the field where necessary.
By manipulating the voltage of the coupons, we might be able to use a weak acid and make it highly effective at the location where we want it to corrode the most.
It may also be feasible to heat the coupons while cooling the pan. This is interesting because the large oven may no longer be necessary. We can heat the coupons in various ways, such as attaching small resistance heaters. It is also possible to pass current directly through the coupons. This would provide the added benefit of enhancing the acid’s activity significantly where the cubes are and reducing the activity on the pan.
Example—Pile Driving
We observe a useful action of the soil exerting pressure on itself.
Step 1: If the effect is amplified significantly and some damage is likely to happen, we may opt to use the minimal field.
If we amplify the action of the soil pressure universally, is there any location where it could be detrimental? Yes, it is harmful at the pile tip. This is adequate to invoke this approach. However, for it to be effective, the pushing field must be weak at the pile tip while being strong everywhere else to displace the soil.
Step 2: If the field is minimal and cannot be amplified further, we may need to use the minimum field.
The field is minimal if we create it to be so. It can subsequently be amplified to mobilize the soil.
Step 3: Given that we will use the minimum field, a substance or field is introduced to enhance the effects of the field where necessary.
The pressure exerted by the soil on the pile must be weak, but where the soil pushes against itself, it should be amplified. This suggests the potential for high forces generated in a thin layer of soil along the pile’s length, which experiences high stresses, while the forces at the pile tip remain low. This may be achievable if water is injected into the tip area where a small cross-section is exposed to the water. The high forces in this small area create substantial hydraulic pressures, which could push upwards on the thin layer of water surrounding the pile. The diagram illustrates how the combination of soil and water amplifies the pushing effect.
Method: Max and Min Action with Maximum Field
Method
Step 1: Identify whether the fields need to be high in order to perform the useful function.
Step 2: Identify whether the field location can be easily controlled.
Step 3: If the field needs to be high and is difficult to control, then a substance is introduced to draw off the field to protect those parts of the system that could be harmed.
Explanation
A maximum effect needs to occur in one zone and a minimum action in another zone, but the field must be maximized. [6] The field may be difficult to control or constant from the native environment, such as gravity.
Example—Sealing Glass Ampoules
When sealing a glass ampoule with liquid medicine, overheated glass could destroy the medicine. (This example comes from the reference below).
Step 1: Identify whether the fields need to be high in order to perform the useful function.
The heater temperature needs to be high in order to melt the ampoule and seal it.
Step 2: Identify whether the field location can be easily controlled.
The location of the field is very difficult to control. Hot gases are escaping everywhere.
Step 3: If the field needs to be high and is difficult to control, then a substance is introduced to draw off the field to protect those parts of the system that could be harmed.
The ampoule is placed into water, leaving the ampoule’s tip above the water. Water protects the rest of the ampoule from overheating.
Example—Acid Container
We need to introduce a substance to mitigate the corrosive action of the acid on the pan.
Step 1: Identify whether the fields must be high in order to perform their useful function.
We would like the corrosive action of the acid to be as intense as possible on the coupons.
Step 2: Identify whether the field location can be easily controlled.
The location of the field is challenging to control.
Step 3: If the field must be high and is difficult to control, then a substance is introduced to draw off the field to protect the susceptible parts of the system.
We have discussed this elsewhere, but the idea here is to draw off the harmful fields so that they are redirected. This means that the harmful molecular interactions that pull on the metal must instead pull on something else. At a microscopic level, the molecules are densely packed together, both in the liquid and in the metal. This compact arrangement implies that the tendency to separate one molecule is countered by a neighboring molecule, and the molecule that is displaced is swiftly replaced by another. It is as if the molecules slip between the metal molecules and present themselves as a sacrificial layer. Perhaps if the metal were porous, a sacrificial fluid with a high pH (base) could infiltrate the pores and be replenished. While this is not occurring at a molecular level, it might be achievable.
Example—Pile Driving
We need to introduce a substance to alleviate the soil forces so that they do not exert pressure on the pile.
Step 1: Determine whether the fields must be elevated in order to perform the desired function.
We would like the field to be elevated to displace the soil.
Step 2: Identify whether the field location is easily manageable.
The field location is dispersed throughout the soil and is challenging to control.
Step 3: If the field must be elevated and challenging to control, then a substance must be introduced to mitigate the field to protect those parts of the system that could be at risk.
Redirecting the harm means that the pushing force of the soil on the tip of the pile is directed elsewhere instead of the pile. Where can it go? The forces at the tip of the pile that move the soil have an equal and opposite reaction on the pile. This is likely not an effective approach for counteracting this detrimental function since a significant amount of soil needs to be displaced.
One way to approximate this method is to pre-inject a liquid substance into the soil. The new substance offers minimal resistance to the pile, as illustrated in the diagram to the right. This effectively acts as a mediator, as will be explained in the mediator section, which must undertake the significant task of moving the soil itself. While driving the pile is expedited, there is no guarantee that introducing the liquid into the soil will enhance the overall insertion time of the pile. Somehow, you must get the liquid into the soil. Although we could explore this further, we will not do so at this time.
Method: Mediator
Method
Step 1: Place a substance between the tool and the product. This object prevents harm.
–Use an external substance
–Encase both the tool and the product within the mediator
Step 2: Consider ways this could be achieved without adding any new substance. Ideally, this should utilize objects or substances that are modifications or derivatives of existing substances (either the tool or the product).
–Insert a vacuum or rarified gas between the tool and product
–Implement a modification of the tool substance
–Utilize a modification of the product substance
–Employ a mixture of the tool and product
–Use enhanced versions of the tool or product
Line of Evolution
The following is the line of evolution of mediators.
Possible Modifications to Substances
The table below illustrates several ways that one of the existing substances could be modified to become a more suitable mediator.
Explanation
The ideal tool is one that does not harm the product. The ideal product is one that we don’t mind damaging. A mediator serves as both. Most of the harm is directed toward the mediator. This reduces the harm to the product during the harmful function. Unfortunately, the mediating object is a new entity in the system, but it can often be reduced to a coating or minor component.[7] Ideally, the mediating object should be made from some derivative of the product or tool.[8] (This is indicated by the two-tone mediator.) This usually minimizes the complexities that often arise with mediators made from substances that are foreign to the system.
Example—Distribution of Uneven Loads
A clamping device is utilized to hold uneven objects. Due to the shape of the object, some areas are more stressed than others and yield under the load.
Step 1: Place a substance between the tool and the product. This object prevents harm.
–Use a foreign substance
–Enclose both the tool and the product within the mediator
A substance with a significantly lower yield point, such as hard rubber, is placed between the clamp and the objects. The rubber distributes the load more evenly across the clamped object.
Step 2: Explore options for accomplishing this without introducing any new substances. Ideally, this should involve objects or substances that are modifications or derivatives of existing materials (either the tool or the product).
–Place a void or rarified gas between the tool and product
–Use a modification of the tool material
–Use a modification of the product material
–Use a mixture of the tool and product
–Use multiple versions of the tool or product
If clamping occurs in a hot environment where pliable components are difficult to use, the clamp could utilize powders made from the same materials being clamped to avoid issues with the mediator reacting adversely with the clamped objects. The powders would yield around the clamped surface and distribute the load uniformly.
Example—Acid Container
Something must be placed between the acid and the pan.
Step 1: Place a substance between the tool and the product. This object prevents harm.
–Use a foreign substance
–Enclose both the tool and the product within the mediator
It is assumed that the pan material is the best possible to contain the corrosion initially. Therefore, any substance used must be a sacrificial material. If we are going to use a mediator, it must be one that is expendable but lasts long enough to provide some benefit. An example of this would be inexpensive solid liners such as plastics or glass. It must still corrode slowly enough to not compromise the effectiveness of the acid.
Step 2: Consider methods that could be performed without introducing any new substances. Ideally, this should utilize objects or substances that are modifications or derivatives of existing materials (either the tool or the product).
–Place a void or rarified gas between the tool and the product
–Utilize a modification of the tool substance
–Utilize a modification of the product substance
–Employ a mixture of the tool and product
–Use multiplied versions of the tool or product
Acceptable mediators would include liquids or gases that can be replenished. They should be as inexpensive or free as possible. One good candidate is air, which could be pumped in or made to fasten itself to the surface of the pan. Another intriguing possibility is to use the hydrogen formed by the corrosion of the pan to protect it. For this to be effective, the hydrogen must coat the surface and remain in place such that the acid can no longer contact the wall.
The most suitable mediator is one that is made from one of the materials involved in the interaction. It should ideally be formed from some variant of the tool or the product. In this case, it may be best to create the mediator from the solid form of the acid, as it is unaffected by the liquid acid. We could explore ways to shape the solid acid to achieve this.
Another option is to utilize the negative ions in the fluid to protect the pan. The fields would need to be strong enough to attract these negative ions.
Lastly, it’s worth considering other types of corrosion. One in particular is quite intriguing. It appears that one reason Tantalum is such an excellent corrosion-resistant material is that tantalum oxide (corrosion products unrelated to acid corrosion) is a highly stable and protective substance.
Example—Pile Driving
A mediator is needed to place between the pile and the soil to reduce the pressure on the pile.
Step 1: Place a substance between the tool and the product. This object mitigates the damage.
–Use an external substance
–Enclose both the tool and the product within the mediator
Numerous materials could be used to encase the pile. Unfortunately, anything that applies pressure to the mediator will also apply pressure to the pile.
Step 2: Consider ways in which this could be performed without adding any new substances. Ideally, this should utilize objects or substances that are modifications or derivatives of existing substances (either the tool or the product).
–Place a void or rarefied gas between the tool and the product
–Use a modification of the tool’s substance
–Use a modification of the product’s substance
–Use a mixture of the tool and product
–Use multiple versions of the tool or product
Method: Redirect Harm to Pre-weakened Product
Method
Step 1: Pre-weaken a part of the system to ensure that the harm damages it. If possible, use voids or an absence of material to create the desired effect.
Explanation
Introduce a weak link or a path of least resistance[9]. Something should be sacrificed that is expendable rather than the critical element.
Example—Electrical Fuse
Electrical fires often occur in homes when wires touch and short circuit. The resulting heat generated can lead to fires in the dwelling.
Step 1: Pre-weaken a part of the system to ensure that the harm damages it. If possible, use voids or an absence of material to create the desired effect.
A conductor with higher resistance than the contact resistance and a low melting point is placed in the circuit. When contact is made between conductors, most of the resistance is in this object, allowing the electrical power load to dissipate its energy, melting the substance and opening the circuit. This is typically referred to as an electrical fuse.
Example—Lizard’s Tail
A lizard’s tail can often be used by a predator to capture the lizard because it is long and easily trapped between the predator’s feet and a surface. Additionally, it is a large target in general.
Step 1: Pre-weaken a part of the system to ensure that the harm damages it. If possible, use voids or an absence of material to create the desired effect.
The lizard’s tail should be pre-weakened to break off close to the torso in a manner that does not affect vital organs. If possible, the tail should regenerate over a short period of time to restore balance.
Example—Acid Container
The harm from the acid must be directed to something else and bypass the pan.
Step 1: Pre-weaken a part of the system to ensure that the harm damages it. If possible, use voids or an absence of material to create the desired effect.
An interesting idea arose at this point and a search was conducted. It turns out that it is possible to control the potential fields by introducing sacrificial anode material that may be more affordable. This is akin to reversing the field on the pan to halt corrosion. Consult the following link:
http://www.efunda.com/materials/corrosion/stopping_corrosion.cfm
For this to be effective, the pre-weakened material needs to be located next to the pan material. The molecules would preferentially attack it first, and as it is consumed, it would need to be replenished quickly. One challenge with this method is that the acid degrades rapidly, making it less potent than necessary to attack the coupons. Therefore, the material must quickly return to its original state. This implies a chemical reaction that remains in equilibrium at all times but is significantly more active at a molecular level than the reaction between the acid and the container.
Even better, what if we could direct the acid to preferentially attack the cubes? That is its primary function in the testing system. Perhaps we can transform the coupons themselves into a pre-weakened structure that will absorb all the harm. This is similar to using sacrificial materials in boilers to protect critical components from corrosion. If the coupon becomes the sacrificial material, then the primary function of the system can only be enhanced. Corroding the coupons and sacrificing them are essentially equivalent actions. In boilers, the sacrificial material is selected to create the correct electrochemical potential to protect critical components from corroding. Since we may not know the sacrificial materials in advance, we can ensure that the coupon itself becomes the sacrificial material by establishing a voltage differential between the pan and the coupons.
Example—Pile Driving
We would like the displacement of the soil to push against something other than the pile that is expendable.
Step 1: Pre-weaken part of the system so that the damage can occur. If possible, use voids or an absence of material to create the effect.
Redirecting the force to an expendable component does not seem to apply.
Method: Redirect Extreme Action
Method:
If the situation arises where an extreme level of action is required but cannot be taken for some reason, the extreme level of action is directed towards a secondary object that is attached to the primary product. The attached product executes the necessary action on the primary product.
Explanation
An extreme level of action is required but is not permitted for some reason. This extreme level of action is directed toward a second attached object.[10] The reasons for this prohibition can vary. Perhaps another harmful action occurs, or a useful action takes place in an improper location on the product. The reason that the action is not permitted must be related to the product of the useful action.
Example: Stretching Wire
“When manufacturing reinforced concrete, it is possible to use metal wire instead of rods. However, the wire must be stretched. To achieve this, it needs to be heated to 700°C, which is not allowed. The wire is connected to the rod that is heated while the wire remains cold.”[11]
If a situation arises where an extreme level of action is required but is not allowed for some reason, the extreme action is directed towards a second object attached to the first product. The attached product performs the necessary action on the first product.
Long lengths of wire are elongated under the influence of heat. Unfortunately, the wire loses its temper and cannot withstand heavy stresses after it cools. This is the rationale behind the prohibition of extreme temperatures. By directing the heat to the rods, the rods elongate, and when cooled, they stretch the wires to the required stress levels. The rods may be sacrificial, or they may be resilient enough that heat does not damage them. Thus, they can be reused repeatedly.
This is also an example of Separation in Space. The wire must be heated and unheated. A second “wire” attached to the first wire needs to be heated.
Example—Acid Container
We aim to determine if this is a scenario where the acid performs a beneficial function on the pan which initiates or causes a detrimental action.
If the situation necessitates an extreme level of action but is prohibited for some reason, that extreme action is directed toward a second object attached to the first product. The attached product then performs the required action on the first product.
This is not a case where the acid performs a beneficial action on the pan, but also brings about a harmful action. This scenario does not apply.
Example—Pile Driving
We aim to determine if this is a situation where the soil performs a beneficial action on the pile and a harmful action is initiated or caused.
If the situation calls for an extreme level of action but is not permitted for any reason, that extreme action is directed toward a second object attached to the first product. The attached product performs the required action on the first product.
The soil performs a beneficial action on the pile. It supports or pushes against the pile to provide stability. Unfortunately, this action is not permitted for the driving. Consequently, we need to explore a way for the soil’s useful AND harmful pushing action to be directed toward a second object attached to the pile. The second object will then fulfill the function of supporting the pile. Notionally, the figure below illustrates what we are attempting to achieve.
The problem now becomes one of finding an object that does not resist the pile while it is being driven but is capable of supporting the pile after the driving. This seems to present a contradiction. The laws of action and reaction would require that the supporting forces on this elusive object be transferred to the pile during driving. This implies that the pushing forces on the soil are very low while driving, and the supporting forces are very high during support. For instance, this would be feasible if the pile were driven into a liquid substance like concrete during driving, and then later, the concrete would set to support the pile. Now a new problem arises: how does the concrete exist in the soil, or how is the soil transformed into concrete?
Method: Counter Field
Method
Step 1: Identify the field being used by the harmful function.
Step 2: Identify a second field that is capable of counteracting the effect of the first field on the damaged product.
Step 3: Are there existing elements in the system that could assume this additional function?
Explanation
When the field of a beneficial function also causes a detrimental function, a second field is introduced to operate on the affected product to counteract the effect of the first field[12]. Since this often requires the addition of elements to a system, it would only be used if it can simplify the super-system or if it can be performed very cost-effectively.
Example—Flower Pollination
To pollinate flowers, airflow is used to move the pollen around. Unfortunately, the airflow also tends to close the flower petals, making the distribution of pollen inefficient.
Step 1: Identify the field being employed by the detrimental function.
The detrimental field is jet pressure.
Step 2: Identify a second field that is capable of counteracting the effect of the first field on the affected product.
Electrostatic fields can counter the airflow on the petals, causing them to push away from each other against the airflow[13].
Step 3: Are there existing elements in the system that could take on this additional function?
There are existing electrons in the system, but they need to be collected by a device within the system. Potentially, the nozzle that directs the air could also introduce a corona field into the air to charge the particles. This would be especially effective if the edges of the nozzle were made very sharp.
Example—Acid Container
We would like to introduce a field into the pan to counteract the effects of the fields that are dismantling the pan, molecule by molecule.
Step 1: Identify the field being employed by the harmful function.
The molecules of the pan are pulled from the surface by electrostatic forces.
Step 2: Identify a second field capable of countering the effect of the first field on the harmed product.
The next approach is to neutralize the harmful field. In this case, the fields are the chemical fields that cause corrosion. As we have hinted before, it may be possible to introduce fields strong enough to neutralize the chemical fields.
Step 3: Are there existing elements in the system that could take on this additional function?
It may be feasible to manufacture the pan from a suitable material with a sufficient capacity to perform the action itself.
Example—Pile Driving
Implementing a counter field on the pile driver necessitates finding a way to exert force against the soil in a manner that offsets the pressure of the soil pushing against the pile.
Step 1: Identify the field utilized by the harmful function.
The harmful field is a stress field. The soil applies a direct force back on the pile.
Step 2: Identify a second field that can counteract the effect of the first field on the affected product.
The second field should also be a stress field that pushes back with an equal or greater force against the soil.
Step 3: Are there existing elements in the system that could take on this additional function?
The driver is the natural element to assume the additional function. This means that the driver operates more vigorously. Note that the soil exerts more resistance when the pile is driven harder. The pile drives faster, to be sure, but the size of the pile driver needs to be increased. Additionally, there may be more damage to the part of the pile that is struck by the driver mass. These issues might be addressed by idealizing detrimental functions or by resolving the contradiction: the driver momentum must be high to drive faster, yet the driver momentum must be low to avoid breaking the pile.
Method: Channel Harm
Method
Step 1: Identify the fields that are causing the harmful function.
Step 2: Identify a path of least resistance for the fields. This may require the addition of new elements to the system.
Explanation
Redirecting harm involves adding another element to the system that channels the harmful tools or fields. This is typically achieved by creating a path of least resistance to the fields being utilized.
Example—Clothes Washer Overflow
Washers have external water inlets and outlets. If the inlets leak or the outlets are blocked and overflow, the water can often damage surrounding objects, such as a wooden floor.
Step 1: Identify the fields that are causing the harmful function.
The field that is transporting the water is primarily gravity.
Step 2: Identify a path of least resistance for the fields. This may require the addition of new elements to the system.
The gravity field must direct the water along an alternative path. A path of least resistance could be a channel beneath the washer that allows the water to flow in a direction away from objects that may be damaged. Ideally, the channel is lower than the surrounding area. If this is unfeasible, a barrier can be constructed around the washer so that as the water height rises, it remains above the level of the channel designed to drain the water away.
Example—Acid Container
Electrostatic fields are drawing molecules from the surface of the metal. We want to direct these electrostatic fields away from the metal.
Step 1: Identify the fields that are causing the harmful effect.
Electrostatic fields are generated by the polar nature of the water and the hydrogen ions.
Step 2: Identify a path of least resistance for the fields. This may require adding new components to the system.
The electrostatic fields of the positively charged ions should be directed away from the metal on an atomic scale. One method to achieve this would be to bring the negative chloride ions closer to the H3O+ ions. This adjustment could significantly reduce the mobility of the positively charged ions. This might be feasible if the water molecules were considerably diminished. This raises a new question: What occurs when an acid has less and less water? As the water content decreases, various species of ions are formed with the water molecules. For example, the crystalline forms of HCl·H2O (68% HCl), HCl·2H2O (51% HCl), HCl·3H2O (41% HCl), HCl·6H2O (25% HCl). [14]
Example—Pile Driving
We need to find a way to channel the stress fields acting on the pile that push back when it is driven.
Step 1: Identify the fields that are causing the harmful effects.
The stress fields exerting pressure on the pile are the ones pushing back.
Step 2: Identify a path of least resistance for these fields. This may require the addition of new elements to the system.
Channeling the harmful forces away means that the soil’s pushing force is redirected away from the pile. This can also mean that the soil itself moves in a way that does not involve retreating from the pile. The soil has an alternative path. However, there is no channel. This creates a contradiction: a channel must exist to prevent the pile from experiencing resistance, yet a channel cannot exist because there is no available destination for the force. Another reason a channel may not exist is that the overall support for the pile deteriorates if the soil continues to be channeled away while the pile is supporting a structure. One solution to this contradiction is to make the pile hollow. This allows the soil to have a destination, effectively separating the process in time and capping the channel to eliminate the flow and create a very blunt pile.
Method: Strengthen the Product
Method
Step 1: Identify the properties of the product that control the harm.
Step 2: Identify the functions that would enable the product to possess this useful property.
Step 3: If feasible, the product should perform the function on its own to avoid introducing any new elements into the system.
Explanation
The product is reinforced or made more resistant to the harm. This is a function that occurs on the product, making it less vulnerable to the damaging action. The properties of the product must change, leading us to question which properties make it stronger or weaker and then seek to enhance these features. It is important to note that we are incorporating this into the system to bolster the product while it is being harmed. We might have considered altering the properties before any harm occurs. This also requires a function, but we will address this under the section on mobilizing resources. Performing this in advance is likely more ideal than our current approach, as the system does not require the permanent addition of elements. This function may be necessary if none of the previous methods succeed, and it is not feasible to strengthen the product beforehand.
Example—Acid Container
The pan must be reinforced while the hydrogen ions are attempting to dismantle it.
Step 1: Identify the properties of the product that control the harm.
I believe that the property of the product that controls the harm is the strength of the bonds between the metallic atoms. We want these bonds to be as robust as possible.
Step 2: Identify the functions that would enable the product to possess this useful property.
It may initially seem challenging to enhance the strength of the bonds between the atoms until we realize that corrosion on a surface is seldom uniform. This suggests that some areas may have weaker bonds. When examining metals under a microscope, we observe a grain structure that helps us understand that the bonds among all atoms of a metal are not equal. This is particularly true for alloys. Stress corrosion, for example, occurs along the grain boundaries of certain metals when subjected to stress. Could it be that the bonds keeping the material intact are weakened by stress, making them more susceptible to corrosion? This brings to mind the possibility that very high hydrostatic forces might hold the pan materials together. Is it conceivable that the acid itself could force the pan molecules together through the application of high pressure on the metallic surface? At a molecular level, this appears as molecules striking the surface in rapid succession. It should be noted that when the function diagram was initially drawn, the term “strengthen” was used instead of “compress.” Nothing was indicated for the tool that performed this function.
Step 3: If possible, the product should perform its function independently to avoid introducing any new elements into the system.
This leads to a fascinating contradiction. The acid molecules must be under extremely high pressure to reinforce the pan molecules during corrosion, while simultaneously needing to be at low pressure to facilitate corrosion on the coupons being tested.
Example—Pile Driving
We aim to strengthen the pile against the detrimental effect of the soil pressing back against it.
Step 1: Identify the properties of the product that mitigate the harm.
One property of the pile that influences its resistance to the pushing force is the area of the pile being pressed upon.
Step 2: Identify the functions that would grant the product this beneficial property.
The function that must operate during driving is one that minimizes the surface area of the pile.
Step 3: If possible, the product should perform this function autonomously to avoid adding new elements to the system.
This presents an intriguing problem because we need to identify a scientific effect or physical phenomenon that can diminish the area over which pressure acts. One physical phenomenon is pressure acting on the pile, which would compress it into a smaller shape. Although pressure is provided by the soil, the pile’s surface area does not respond significantly to this pressure. In other words, it does not change shape much. It appears the pile must possess different properties to be compressed by the action of the soil. It should be made of a highly compressible material and only compressible in the radial direction so it can be driven into the soil. This presents a dilemma: the pile needs to decrease in diameter to drive into the soil, yet it must also be large in diameter to support the structure built upon it.
Detection of Harm
Method
Step 1: Identify that an informing function is required to ensure that further harm does not occur.
Step 2: Refer to the steps for idealizing an informing function and implement the necessary changes to the system.
Explanation
The function of detection leads to remedial action, making it less than ideal. It typically occurs after or during the time the harmful function takes place. On the other hand, there are certain forms of harm that are exceedingly dangerous. Additionally, they may be unpredictable and hard to prevent. In such cases, it may be essential to notify someone that the harm is occurring or that it has escalated to a critical level. In almost all situations, detection is a function that does not directly affect the primary system product, rendering it an auxiliary function. Detection is often costly. Considering these facts, detection is frequently a low-value function that should be avoided when possible. When it is necessary, we should explore ways in which something that already exists within the system can be used to fulfill this function.
Example—Forest Fires
Forest fires are extremely difficult to prevent from occurring. In most instances, allowing the fire to burn is considered the healthiest response. However, human lives are frequently at risk. It is crucial to inform residents in the vicinity of an approaching fire.
Step 1: Identify that an informing function is necessary to ensure that further harm does not occur.
An informing function is essential in this scenario, as it is needed to prevent further harm to individuals and property.
Step 2: Go to the steps for idealizing an informing function and perform the necessary changes to the system.
The next step is to idealize the informing function so that an observer can detect either the fire or the effect on the plants. Detecting the fire is the first thought that comes to mind, but the consideration of allowing the plants to inform is a novel idea. In some ways, this already happens when the forest service detects the likelihood of fire occurring due to the dryness of the plants. First, we would look at the possibility of not requiring the detection. Then we would try to understand the ideal act of informing the observer and what that entails. Next, we would look for a physical phenomenon or scientific effect that could be used to inform the observer.
Example—Acid Container
If the action of corrosion is difficult to control, then it may be necessary to detect it. However, for many of the methods we have considered, there may not be a requirement to detect corrosion. On the other hand, if an acid leak could occur, it may be essential to detect it.
Step 1: Identify that an informing function is required to ensure that further harm does not occur.
For several of the approaches we have considered, detecting harm would be beneficial to ensure that further damage does not happen if acid begins leaking.
Step 2: Proceed to the steps for idealizing an informing function and make the necessary changes to the system.
The next step is to idealize the informing function so that an observer can notice the effect of the acid on the pan. First, we will consider the possibility of not requiring detection. Then, we will aim to understand the ideal act of informing the observer and what that entails. Next, we will look for a physical phenomenon or scientific effect that could be used to inform the observer.
Example—Pile Driving
In this case, we consider it important for the pile to inform an observer that it is being pushed.
Step 1: Identify the need for an informing function to ensure that no further harm occurs.
It may seem unreasonable for the pile to need to inform an observer that pushing is taking place. Since there is an equal and opposite reaction involved in pushing the soil and pushing back on the pile, we understand that if the pile is moving downward, the soil is pushing back against it. Detecting the harm caused by pushing does not alleviate any potential harm that may follow. Conversely, recognizing the beneficial function of driving the pile may hold some value, which we will not address here.
Step 2: Refer to the procedures for idealizing an informing function and implement the necessary modifications to the system.
As detection of pushing is not mandatory, there is no further need to pursue this step.
Method: Healing or Regeneration
Method
Step 1: Identify what “healing or fixing” means in this context.
Step 2: Define what “regeneration” means in this context.
Step 3: Consider methods for implementing the modification during the harm so that it appears to be untouched. Since this is a valuable function, refer to TRIZ Power Tools—Idealizing Useful Functions— to achieve this in the most optimal way.
Explanation
This modification is supplementary to the harmful function. It is remedial, making it less ideal. It typically occurs after the harmful function has been executed. To enable this without introducing additional elements, we aim to create a method for the product to regenerate or self-service.[15] [16]
Example—Healing Fractures in Supports
Aircraft structures are somewhat prone to developing cracks that propagate and eventually fail due to the inadequate safety margins they may sometimes be designed with. While the components undergo rigorous testing, it is still possible for some parts to fail in the field due to extreme environmental conditions or the materials used in constructing the structures.
Step 1: Identify what “healing or fixing” means in this context.
Structural composites consist of fibers (often carbon) embedded in an epoxy matrix. If cracks in the composites could be healed, especially at the high-stress points, the fracture would be prevented from propagating. Ideally, if a small crack begins to form in the fiber, it should be healed before it can propagate through the fiber.
Step 2: Identify what “regeneration” means in this context.
Regeneration implies that if a fiber is broken, a new one will emerge in its place to assume its function. Ideally, the old fiber would be eliminated. Additionally, it may signify that if material is pulled apart, new material would be generated to fill the void.
Step 3: Consider ways that the modification might be executed during the damage so that it never appears to be harmed. Since this is a useful function, visit TRIZ Power Tools—Idealizing Useful Functions to perform this in the most ideal manner.
At this stage, we would typically turn to TRIZ Power Tools—Idealizing Useful Functions to search for methods to either heal or regenerate. For the purpose of illustrating a potential solution, we will explore the possibility that an uncured matrix could be contained within hollow fibers. The hollow fibers would crack open during the formation of the crack, filling it and reducing the stresses.
Example—Acid Container
If we permit the corrosion of the pan to occur and cannot find methods to avoid or stop the corrosion, then we must consider ways to remediate this damage.
Step 1: Identify what “healing or fixing” means in this context.
Healing means that, although the pan experiences corrosion, after a period of treatment, the affected areas return to a state of not being pitted or weakened.
Step 2: Identify what “regeneration” means in this context.
Regeneration refers to the process by which new material grows into the area that was corroded, or a completely new pan is created to replace the damaged one.
Step 3: Consider methods to implement the modification during the damage so that it never appears to be harmed. Since this is a valuable function, visit TRIZ Power Tools—Idealizing Useful Functions to achieve this in the most effective manner.
Step 3: Consider ways that the modification might be performed during the harm so that it never appears to be damaged. Since this is a useful function, go to TRIZ Power Tools—Idealizing Useful Functions to achieve this in the most ideal way.
At this stage, we would normally refer to TRIZ Power Tools—Idealizing Useful Functions to seek ways to either heal or regenerate. For the purpose of demonstrating a potential solution, we will consider the possibility that an uncured matrix could be contained within hollow fibers. The hollow fibers would crack open during the formation of the crack, filling the crack and reducing the stresses.
Example—Acid Container
If we allow the corrosion of the pan to occur and cannot find ways to prevent or stop the corrosion, then we need to explore ways to remediate this damage.
Step 1: Identify what “healing or fixing” means in this context.
Healing means that, although the pan experiences corrosion, following a period of treatment, the affected areas return to a state of not being pitted or weakened.
Step 2: Identify what “regeneration” means in this context.
Regeneration refers to either new material growing into the area that was corroded or the creation of an entirely new pan to replace the damaged one.
Step 3: Consider ways that the modification might be executed during the damage so that it never appears to be harmed. Since this is a valuable function, refer to TRIZ Power Tools—Idealizing Useful Functions to accomplish this in the most optimal manner.
No method has been found to “heal pushing” except for discovering alternative means to drive the pile deeper into the soil without requiring additional power from the pile driver itself.
Method: Previously Placed Cushion
Method
Step 1: In what context does the product “fail?”
Step 2: Identify another element that can take over for the “failed” product.
Step 3: Look for ways to add with the minimum possible effort.
Explanation
For a previously placed cushion[17], a useful tool “fails” in certain contexts. When this happens, another tool, the cushion, must take over the function of the “failed” tool. The harmful function may still continue with the new product, but at least it is being performed. The tool may not need to be permanently failed for this to work. That is why we ask, “in what context does the product ‘fail’?” Sometimes unique solutions can be developed when we allow another tool to step in. This is another way to enable a second tool to assist in performing the function.
Example—Cotter Pins
A nut that must secure a vital component can become loose during repeated use or due to vibration.
Step 1: In what context does the product “fail?”
The nut is no longer able to secure the support effectively.
Step 2: Identify another element that can take over for the “failed” product.
There are several possibilities. A second bolt and nut could replace the first. A second nut could be used to lock the first in place.
Step 3: Look for ways to add the minimum necessary.
In some cases, the crucial factor is that the bolt does not come completely out. In such instances, it may be loose. A cotter pin can be used to ensure this does not occur. This is a simple example of a previously placed cushion.
Example—Acid Container
With a previously placed cushion, we assume that the harmful action occurs and that an alternative can take over for the failed product. In this case, we presume that the acid has corroded the pan, rendering it no longer useful.
Step 1: In what context does the product “fail?”
The pan can no longer contain the acid.
Step 2: Identify another element that can replace the “failed” product.
The second pan can take over for the first one.
Step 3: Look for ways to add the minimum possible.
The minimum is a very thin liner that can initially be breached. Once breached, a second, much thicker container takes over. After each use, the first container is inspected and disposed of if it is no longer useful.
Example—Pile Driving
In the case of the pile driver, another mechanism should take over for the pile if it “fails.” The pile fails when it can no longer push through the soil. Of course, it is not permanently disabled.
Step 1: In what context does the product “fail?”
The pile is no longer able to push the soil.
Step 2: Identify another element that can take over for the “failed” product.
This means that something else must push on the soil once the pile is incapable of pushing any further. Perhaps water or the driver itself could be used to push the soil further. In the case of the driver taking over, it would need to make direct contact with the soil. This creates a peculiar image in the mind. We usually think of the driver as striking the pile. In this scenario, it directly strikes the soil instead. One of the most direct methods to move the soil is for the driver to strike it directly, allowing the pile to descend into the space cleared by the driver. If water is involved, it can be directly propelled by the driver to move the soil.
Step 3: Look for ways to minimize additions.
The pile is hollow. The driver extends through the pile and strikes the soil or water directly. The driver and water clear an adequate path for the pile to descend into place. Note that the final solution does not directly address the matter of a “failed” pile. Had we taken the conventional approach, we would likely have concluded that the pile does not actually suffer permanent failure.
References
[1] Inventive Principle #25—Self-service: An object must service itself and carry out supplementary and repair operations. Utilize waste material and energy. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm, page 288.
[2] Inventive Principle #25—Self-service: An object must service itself and carry out supplementary and repair operations. Utilize waste material and energy. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm, page 288.
[3] Inventive Principle #25—Self-service: An object must service itself and carry out supplementary and repair operations. Utilize waste material and energy. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm, page 288.
[4] Inventive Principle #25—Self-service: An object must service itself and carry out supplementary and repair operations. Utilize waste material and energy. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm, page 288.
[5] STANDARD 1-1-8-2. If a selective maximum effect is required (maximum in certain zones and minimum in others), the field should be minimal; a substance that produces a local effect interacting with a field (e.g. thermite compounds for thermal action or explosive ones for mechanical action) is introduced in areas where a maximum effect is required. Example: To weld two metal parts, an exothermic powder generating additional heat is introduced between the parts.
[6] STANDARD 1-1-8-1. If a selective effect of action is required (maximum in certain zones while maintaining a minimum in others), the field must be maximal; a protective substance is introduced in locations where a minimum effect is necessary. Example: When sealing a glass ampoule containing liquid medicine, overheated glass might damage the medicine. The ampoule is placed in water with the tip left above the water. Water protects the rest of the ampoule from overheating.
[7] STANDARD 1-2-1. If useful and harmful effects occur between two substances in a SFM and it is unnecessary to maintain direct contact, the problem is resolved by introducing a third substance between them. Notes: The third substance can also be derived from the present substances through exposure to the existing fields. For instance, the substance to be introduced can be bubbles, foam, etc. Example: To compact the walls of a borehole, gases produced during explosions are used. However, these gases may also cause cracks in the borehole’s walls. It is proposed to cover the walls with plasticine that transmits pressure while preventing crack formation.
[8] STANDARD 1-2-2. If there are both useful and harmful effects between two substances and there is no need for direct contact, and using foreign substances is forbidden or inconvenient, the problem can be resolved by introducing a third substance, which is a modification of either the first or second substances. Note: The third substance can be obtained from existing substances through exposure to present fields. In particular, the substance to be introduced can be bubbles, foam, etc. Additionally, a modification of the substance may result in changes to its movement properties: movable-fixed parts, etc. Example: A hydrodynamic foil’s surface might be damaged by cavitation caused by friction between the foil and the water when moving at high speed. It is proposed to cool the surface of the foil. The surrounding water will freeze and form an ice layer on the foil.
[9] STANDARD 1-2-3. If it is necessary to eliminate the harmful effect of a field on a substance, the problem can be solved by introducing a second substance that absorbs the harmful effect of the field. Example: To protect underground cables from stresses in the ground occurring during frost, cavities are formed in the ground beforehand.
[10] STANDARD 1-1-7. If a maximum effect of action on a substance is required and this is not permissible, the maximum action must be preserved but directed toward another substance attached to the first one.
[11] Yuri Salamatov—TRIZ: The Right Solution at the Right Time, page 231, Standard 1-1-7
[12] STANDARD 1-2-4. If useful and harmful effects occur between two substances in a SFM and direct contact between the substances must be maintained, the problem is resolved by transitioning to a dual SFM, in which the useful effect is provided by the existing field while a new field neutralizes the harmful effect (or transforms the harmful effect into a useful effect). Example: To aid in the pollination of a flower, airflow is utilized. However, this airflow also closes the flower. It is proposed to open the flower with electrostatic discharge.
[13] STANDARD 1-2-4. If useful and harmful effects occur between two substances in a SFM and direct contact must be maintained, the problem is resolved by transitioning to a dual SFM, in which the useful effect is provided by the existing field while a new field neutralizes the harmful effect (or transforms the harmful effect into a useful effect). Example: To assist with the pollination of a flower, airflow is employed. However, this also causes the flower to close. It is suggested to open the flower using electrostatic discharge.
[14] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid
[15] Inventive Principle #25—Self-service: An object must service itself and carry out supplementary and repair operations. Utilize waste material and energy. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm, page 288.
[16] Inventive Principle #34—Rejecting and Regenerating Parts: After fulfilling its function or becoming useless, an element of an object is rejected (discarded, dissolved, evaporated, etc.) or modified during its work process. Used-up parts of an object should be restored during its operation. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm, page 289.
[17] Inventive Principle #11—Cushion in Advance: Compensate for the relatively low reliability of an object with emergency measures prepared in advance. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm, page 287.
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