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Mobilizing Function Resources

Mobilizing Function Resources

Copyright 2012, 2017 by Collaborative Authors, All rights reserved

Updated 11/18/2019 

This book is the work of a collaborative group. 

Contributors
Larry Ball (Primary Author)
David Troness
Kartik Ariyur
Jason Huang
Steve Hickman
Petr Krupansky
Larry Miller

Editors
Erika Ball
Larry Ball
David Troness
Paul Dwyer
Robert Lang

Illustrators
Larry Ball
David Troness

Other Authors, Theoreticians, Practitioners Whose Writings or Teachings have Impacted This Work
Genrich Altshuller
Ellen Domb
Roni Horowitz
John Terninko
Alla Zusman
Boris Zlotin
Lev Shulyak
Yuri Salamatov
Victor Fey
Eugene Rivin
Darrell Mann
Sergei Ikovenko
Simon Litvin
Peter Ulan
Lane Desborough
Clayton Christensen
Renee Mauborgne
Kim Chan

Much of the material for this book was inspired by the thought leaders referenced.  The original intent was to codify the insights of these thought leaders, but the exercise of codification ultimately led to the synthesis of other experimental processes.  This is because codification required recognizing patterns of similarity of tools.  Once this was achieved, the various tools were grouped with key decisions.  Decisions require and create information which flows to the next decisions.  Patterns and gaps became visible during this formative process.  Experimental methods were inserted into the gaps.   The proof of these experimental methods is whether they actually help the reader to identify product or process characteristics that will delight the market.

Prerequisite Knowledge: If you have not read the TRIZ Power Tools Working With Functions please do this before reading this book.

This book constitutes a comprehensive list of function parameters (knobs).  To understand this, think of each element of an isolated function as having a bunch of knobs on the product, the tool, the modification and the fields.  Each knob represents a parameter that can be changed to change the outcome of the function. The concept of knob may be objectionable to some, but is easily learned and so used in the text.   Apologies are made if the concept of “knobs” trivializes object and field parameters.

This table is a restructuring and reinterpretation of the parts of the “Inventive Standards[1]” which deal with function parameters.  Many of the standards give hints as to object and field parameters .  

Identifying Function Resources
The first use of this list of function parameters is to help determine what element parameters control the functions in question.  It is human nature to forget important controlling parameters until we ask ourselves if specific ones apply.  It is common that in using this table the problem solver will uncover several unanticipated ways to control functions.

Mobilizing Idle Knobs
During the causal analysis, you may have discovered parameters of the existing system that could have been used to control harmful or useful effects, but are not specifically controlled. These parameters may show up on the causal analysis diagram because they are a part of the equations. There is no escaping the fact that these parameters enter into the equation of friction, but from the viewpoint of human intent or potential usefulness, they remain idle. 

For example, the friction between two surfaces might currently be controlled by the clamping force between the surfaces.  Other parameters, such as the coefficient of friction, lubricants or surface texture determine the friction forces, but were not actively employed to control the friction.

There are various reasons that some knobs are not adusted to control a situation.   Some parameters are simply overlooked because they do not typically show up in formulas for friction.    For example, we may have forgotten that the number of objects sliding past each other or temperature might have an effect on the outcome. The number of objects is usually not a parameter in formulas for friction.

Another reason that a parameter may be overlooked is because changing it to improve one outcome may harm another.  For whatever reason, there are often parameters that could be used to provide a problem solution, but they remain idle.  The intent of this step in the algorithm is to put these idle resources to work to resolve the problem.

How to Mobilize Function Resources

Method

Step 1:  Consider whether the parameters (knobs) in the following "accordions" have any affect on the function in question.  If it does, consider changing the level of the parameter to solve the problem without regard to what might get worse.

Explanation

Most of the time, an individual or team is capable of identifying the object parameters that control an interaction or how well a function is performed.  However, it has been the experience of the author that many interactions are controlled by parameters that we may have forgotten.  Here, we will consider many object, field and modification parameters to see if we have missed any.

How to change these parameters may also not be fully apparent.  Many clever solutions are related to how the knobs are turned.

Example—Acid Bath1 Acid Corrodes Pan

The acid in the pans is meant to test the corrosive properties of various metals.  Unfortunately, it corrodes the pan that contains the acid and the cubes.

Step 1:  Consider whether the parameters (knobs) in the following "accordionas" have any affect on the function in question.  If it does, consider changing the level of the parameter to solve the problem without regard to what might get worse.

New knobs were found: (1) Acid contact area. (2) Surface area of pan.  Reducing the contact area and/ or the surface area of the pan will decrease the amount of material that is corroded.

Existence

2 Existence Functions

Method

Step 1: Consider eliminating the tool, its source or its path.

Step 2: Consider eliminating the product, its source or its path.

Step 3: Consider removing the existence of the interaction site on the tool or product.

Step 4: Consider removing the micro-constituents that interact

Explanation

Existence of the tool or product is a controllable feature of the product. The existence of the product is not limited to the whole product, but can be extended to the existence of interaction zones and constituents of the objects involved.

Existence is a measurable parameter of objects. It is often neglected when mobilizing resources. Consider that objects or their parts may not be required to exist. Contradictions having to do with existence are often solved by transparency[5].

Number of Objects

Method3 Number of Objects

Step 1: Do any of the following changes affect the outcome? (With each of these, new capabilities should emerge): --Number of tool objects --Number of product elements --Orientation of multiplied objects --Combining or interacting of multiplied objects --Combinations of objects that come in natural groupings --Multiply the product --Multiply the tool --Combine multiple objects in different orientations. New capabilities should emerge.

Step 2: Make the multiplied objects modify or interact with each other.  New capabilities should emerge.

Step 3: Nest[8] or stack the objects

System Evolution

System efficiency can be improved by moving from single elements to multiple elements. This progression can be from single to bi-systems to poly-systems.[6]  The efficiency can be further improved by transitioning to bi and poly-systems that have interaction between the multiplied elements.[7]  Efficiency can be further increased by using elements with “biased” properties. Each element is somewhat different from the others.

Explanation

When identifying object knobs, this is an object parameter that is often overlooked.  Objects collected together have interesting properties.  Simply collecting the objects together allows for interactions between objects. If the objects are similar, they have the ability to be used in different environments.

4 Unlike Objects

Method

Step 1: What different types of objects in the environment require the same function?

Step 2: Identify another effect/tool which performs the same function.

Step 3: What is the feature of the new tool which would extend the capability of the first tool?

          --Variety of size or features of multiplied objects?

          --Bias some of the objects to handle different operating conditions

Step 4: Identify the cheap tool which should deliver most of the function.

Step 5: Transfer the whole new tool or just the desirable feature of the new tool.

Step 6: Merge the tools. A new capability should emerge.

Step 7: Make the tools modify each other.  A new capability should emerge.

Explanation

System efficiency is increased when dissimilar objects are combined in ways that complement each other.[9]  This can begin with grouping biased objects and progresses to grouping together objects that are entirely different.

Multiple physical phenomena can be used to deliver a function.  This allows for the possibility that different types of objects can be involved in delivering a function.  These combined objects constitute hybrid tools. 

On the other end of the function, multiple object types can be served by the same function.  The parameter in question can be influenced by the type and number of objects delivering the function or receiving the function.

Location

Method

Step 1: Define the entire location envelope for the tool and product (What space can the tool and product be located in?)

Step 2: Move the product about in higher dimensions. Are the fields affected?

Step 3: Where are the fields more concentrated?

Step 4: Where are the fields of interaction less concentrated?

Step 5: Would a completely different location affect the tool or product?

Step 6: Move the product and tool to environments that are conducive to their operation or where the environment is much better.

Explanation

An object parameter that is easily overlooked is the location of the object. The location of objects affects the operating environment. Many factors can be changed by simply changing the location of the objects.

Method5 Interaction Zone Location

Step 1:  Locate the exact zone of the modification on the tool and product.

Step 2:  Does changing the location affect the fields of the function?

Step 3:  Make the interaction zone a completely benign region on the tool and product or make it the most effective part of the tool or product.

Step 4:  If the action degrades either the product or the tool, make sure that the location is not important.

Explanation

An object parameter that is sometimes missed is the location of the interaction zone on either the tool or the product.  The location of the interaction zone can change the substances and fields involved in the interaction.

Method6 relative location

Consider the following changes:  Distance--Contact or separation--Location of contact--Mixing of tool and product--Absorption of tool into product--Combining the tool and product --Move the parts far away from each other--Try different distances from each other--Nestle[12] one into the other--Mix the tool and product--Combine the tool and product. Consolidate.[13]   Look for new capabilities--Combine with super-system.  Look for more consolidation, new capabilities and room for growth.

Explanation

With this knob, we consider the full range of possibilities from complete separation to fully merging the tool and product.  The relative location of the tool and product will almost certainly affect the fields of interaction.

Movement

Method7 Path

Step 1:  Consider how the interaction fields change as the tool and product move along their separate paths.

Step 2:  Consider how the fields change with respect to field potential[14] 

Step 3:  Consider CONSTANT POTENTIAL PATHS:  Path in relation to potential field lines of a field. 

Step 4:  Move along lines of constant field potential

Step 5:  Move directly through lines of constant field potential.

Step 6:  Move in an entirely new dimension[15].

Step 7:  Movement around harmful objects or functions

Step 8:  Rotation[16] rather than linear paths

Line of Evolution

8 Path of Movement Evolution

Explanation

The paths that the tool and product move on will affect the interaction fields and cause them to change in time.  What is the path in relation to potential field lines of a field.  In order to perform lower work, it is necessary to move along lines of constant field potential.  An example of this is moving objects horizontally rather than up and down to avoid moving against gravity.  The lines of constant potential in the earth’s gravitational field are arcs with constant radius from the earth’s center. To us, this looks like horizontal movement. For an electrostatic field between two capacitor plates, the lines of constant potential (at the center) run nearly parallel to the plates.

Method9 Velocity Acceleration and Jerk

Consider the following changes:
--Velocity or relative velocity
--Stopping the tool or product
--Existence of acceleration
--Rate of change of the acceleration (jerk)
--Stop the tool or product
--Try extremely high or low rates of acceleration.

Explanation

This knob considers the absolute and relative velocity, acceleration and jerk (the rate of change of acceleration.  It turns out that humans are able to sense the change of acceleration and it can be quite uncomfortable if the jerk is high.)

Structure

Method

Step 1:  Locate the exact zone of the modification on the tool and product.

Step 2:  Does changing the structure change the efficiency of the interactions?

Step 3:  Make the interaction zone a completely benign region on the tool and product.

Step 4:  Change the structure of the interaction zone to compliment or augment the fields that are being used.

Explanation

Efficiency of systems increase when the interaction zones are structured to compliment the fields which are used to perform the functions.[17]

Method10 Symmetry

Step 1:  Consider parameters or knobs which have already been identified.  Are they symmetrically located?

Step 2:  Consider changing the symmetry or asymmetry[19] of the tool and product to symmetrical or unsymmetricall.

Step 3:  Change symmetry to another axis

Step 4:  Make the tool or product unsymmetrical

Step 5:  Make the tool or product symmetrical

Explanation

Symmetry refers to how half of an object appears to be a reflection of the other half.  This reflection can be made around a variety of axis or planes.  As long as the reflection is exact about any plane, the object is said to be symmetric.  Symmetric objects can generate symmetric fields of interaction.  Objects tend to evolve towards un-symmetric structures which are usually more difficult to manufacture than symmetric objects.

Method

Does the dimension affect the interaction fields?

Consider changing the structure dimension[21] to the next higher dimension for useful effects and to lower dimensions for harmful effects.

Line of Evolution

11 Dimension Line of Evolution

Explanation

Efficiency of useful functions is increased by moving to higher dimensions[20].  Harm done by harmful functions is decreased by decreasing the dimension of the harming interface.  Systems which produce useful functions tend to evolve to higher dimensions.  Structures which produce harmful functions tend to evolve to lower dimensions.  Lower dimensional structures tend to have more minimum fields. 

Method12 Nested Sink Trap

Step 1:  Consider putting objects inside each other to change the volume requirements

Step 2:  Make one object go through another

Step 3:  Nest an object completely inside another

Step 4:  Allow one object to invade the space of another by nestling in to its volume.

Explanation

Unless the main function of the system requires a high volume in order to perform well,  this can be accomplished by nesting [22]objects, nestling them together or making one go through the other.

13 Degree of Segmentation

Method

Step 1:  Would increasing the number of interaction sites improve the function? Can the sites be independent?

Step 2:  Consider the affect that the following would have on the segmented pieces: 

             --Dividing into multiple copies of the original objects--Size--Shape--Aspect Ratio

Step 3:  Make the sites independent

Step 4:  Break the original piece into sections that can be easily dismantled and assembled.

Step 5:  Make multiple copies of the original objects.  Reduce in size.  Combine or make interact

Step 6:  Change the shape of the segmented pieces

Step 7:  Change to a powder or aerosol

Methods of segmenting:

--Decompose:  Grains—Dust—Molecules—Atoms—Ions—Sub Atomic Particles

--Combine:  Sub Atomic Particles—Ions—Atoms—Molecules—Dust—Grains

--Solidify a liquid or its constituents into particles

Line of Evolution

14 Segmentation Line of Evolution

Explanation

The efficiency of systems generally increases with segmentation of the elements.    Methods for creating particles are provided in the standard solutions.[24]

Method15 Voids and Foam

Step 1: Consider the affect of the following changes to the tool or product:  --Voids --Porosity--Structured capillaries--Fluids in voids or capillary structures

Step 2: Place specially shaped voids in the tool or product (honeycomb, spherical, random)

Step 3: Use open or closed celled porous materials

Step 4: Consider using: --Sintered powders--Dried or fired clays--Porcelain--Sand--Loose Powders--Pumice

Step 5: Make the tool or product from structured capillary materials such as:

--Fabrics--Fiber batting--Fiber bundles (thread, string, rope…)--Screen or layers of screens--Capillary tubes or tube bundles

Step 6: Fill the porous material with special fluids or allow fluids to move through the porous material.

Step 7: Replace the tool or product with a foam

Step 8: Put foam between the tool and the product

Line of Evolution

16 Evolution of Voids and Foam

Explanation

Voids [25] capillary structures[26] [27] and foam [28] [29] [30] can have an effect on interactions between objects.  It should be noted that the difference between voids and foam is one of ratio between gas and substance. Foam has very little substance and voids have little gas.  Capillary structures are somewhere between and can be very structured.

Method17 Thickness

Step 1: Does the thickness of the tool or the product affect the function?

Step 2: Replace solid constructions with flexible membranes

Step 3: Isolate objects with thin films[31]

Explanation

The thickness or the length of an object can have a strong effect on interacting fields.  In general, objects trend toward smaller lengths and thicknesses as they evolve which makes a better use of resources.  When taken together, the length to width ratio gives an aspect ratio.  Any one of these three measures of an object may dominate as the controlling factor.

Method18 Volume

Step 1: Does the volume of the tool or the product affect the function?

Step 2: Consider changing the volume of the tool or product. Consider extreme changes in volume.

Explanation

Objects may start with large volumes because the strength of interacting fields may be a strong function of the size. However, they trend toward smaller volumes [32] [33] to conserve resources unless their main function is to transport, in which case, the trend is toward greater volumes.

Method19 Curvature

Step 1: Does the curvature of the tool or product affect the outcome?

Step 2: Change from linear shapes to curved shapes

Step 3: Use rollers or balls

Step 4: Change from linear to rotary motion

Explanation

The use of spherical structures is a very important tool in TRIZ.  Curved structures[34] have special properties. They allow for the precise rotation of objects relative to each other. They also allow for the concentration or dispersion of fields in unique ways.  While the constant curvature of objects is very common, non constant curvatures, such as parabolas and ellipses and hyperbolas have unique characteristics.

Method20 Surface Structure

Step 1: Identify the primary fields of interaction

Step 2: Reference the chart to identify what surface properties might have an effect on the fields of interaction.

Step 3: How does the surface shape affect the fields of interaction?

Step 4: Make the surface smooth if it is not already

Step 5: Make ridges, protrusions or cavities in the surface of the tool or product (Random or structured)

Step 6: Make the surface of the tool or product rough (random or structured)

Step 7: Use a finer and finer surface roughness

Line of Evolution

21 Evolution of surface Structure

Explanation

Many functions are controlled by the surface structure[35] of objects. Surface shapes can be rough or smooth. They can also have a fine structure. Surface shapes can have a strong effect on reflection, transmission and dispersion of electromagnetic fields. Many other properties of objects can be changed at the surface in ways that have a strong effect on interaction fields. The table on the next page shows how other properties can effect various fields.

Surface

Method23 Surface Properties

Step 1: Identify the primary fields of interaction

Step 2: Reference the chart to identify what surface properties might have an effect on the fields of interaction.

22 Surface Property Knobs that affect fields

Step 3: Greatly increase the surface properties.

Step 4: Change to new materials or coatings if necessary

Explanation

Fields of interaction are modified and controlled surface properties other than surface structure. The table on the previous page gives suggestions as to surface properties that can modify fields of interaction.

Method24 Surface Substances

Step 1: Can contaminants (solids, liquids or gases) find a way to the surface? (Internal or external paths)

Step 2: Greatly decrease the surface contaminants until the surface is ultra-clean

Step 3: Greatly increase the contaminants

Step 4: Add a lubricant to the surface

Step 5: Condense a liquid onto the surface

Explanation

Substances can exist on surfaces which modify the fields of interaction. Such substances can be put there for useful purposes or they can be contaminants.  Over the course of time, it is almost a certainty the some type of contaminant will find its way to the surfaces of the product or tool.

Bulk Properties

Method25 State of Matter

Consider how the following changes of the physical state[36]  [37]of the tool or product might affect the interaction or fields:

---State of the tool--Consider changing

---State of the Product--Consider changing

---State of the Environment--Consider changing

Line of Evolution

26 Line of Evolution State of Matter

Explanation

Note that state of matter controls most fields.  Most substances exist in multiple physical states, even if one of the states is barely perceptible.  Because of this, it is possible that the different states of matter will react differently with the fields of interaction.  These controlling factors are even stronger when multiple states of matter exist.  Look at every tool or product as being composed of at least two states of matter and consider whether less dominant state might be having an effect on the interactions.

27 Bulk Properties

Method

Step 1: Identify the current fields throughout the tool or product.

Step 2: What materials are affected by these fields?

Step 3: What are their bulk properties(Properties spread throughout the volume?)

28 Bulk Property Examples

Step 4: Do the bulk properties change these fields?

Step 5: Do the bulk properties have an effect on the functions being performed?

Step 6: Change the product or tool to be composed of a substance with the ideal bulk properties.

Step 7: Introduce a substance to the product or tool which has the ideal properties for control.[43]

Step 8: Attach a substance to the product or tool which has the ideal properties for control.[44]

Step 9: Introduce a substance into the environment of the tool or product which allows the ideal properties for control.[45]

Step 10: Change the bulk properties by chemically transforming, decomposing, and combining existing materials or by heat treatment.[46]

Step 11: Further enhance by adding a field.

Explanation

Substances of the product and the tool have many native bulk properties[38]   Generally, we would like the substances to have a strong effect on the useful interaction fields and a weak effect on the harmful fields.  Below is a table of bulk properties. Each property reflects its typical reaction to interacting fields.

Substances of the product and the tool have many native bulk properties[39] [40] [41].  These properties can have strong effects on the interaction fields.  In general, it is important that the bulk substances interact strongly with useful fields and weakly with harmful fields.  Below is a table of bulk properties.  Each property reflects its typical reaction to interacting fields. 

30 Bulk Properties Affect Fields

Method

Step 1: If the addition of substances is not allowed, a number of ways are provided in the Solution Standards to add these substances.  Feel free to go to the references from the Standards for further explanation. [47]

--Use a void instead of a substance

--Use a Field instead of a substance

--Use a Field already existing within the system

--Use a Field within the Job Environment

--Use a Field which Compliments existing system fields

--Use a substance from the environment

--Temporarily introduce substances and elements

--Use disposable or cheap objects and substances

--Use active additives

--Use a copy

Step 2: Change the bulk properties by chemically transforming, decomposing, and combining existing materials or by heat treatment.[48]

29 Cheap Substances

Explanation

Sometimes it is not possible to add a desired substance.  The methods allow for the addition of a substance without actually adding the substance.  In effect, this directly resolves a contradiction.

Method

Step 1: If the addition of substances is not allowed, a number of ways are provided in the Solution Standards to add these substances.  Feel free to go to the references from the Standards for further explanation. [47]

--Use a void instead of a substance

--Use a Field instead of a substance

--Use a Field already existing within the system

--Use a Field within the Job Environment

--Use a Field which Compliments existing system fields

--Use a substance from the environment

--Temporarily introduce substances and elements

--Use disposable or cheap objects and substances

--Use active additives

--Use a copy

Step 2: Change the bulk properties by chemically transforming, decomposing, and combining existing materials or by heat treatment.[48]

29 Cheap Substances

Explanation

Sometimes it is not possible to add a desired substance.  The methods allow for the addition of a substance without actually adding the substance.  In effect, this directly resolves a contradiction.

Method31 Match or Mismatch of properties

Step 1: Are the tool and product alike?

Step 2: Do the bulk properties match each other?

Step 3: For the given situation, consider the properties that must match in the tool and product.

Step 4: Consider the following and how well matched the tool and product are:

--Thermal expansion

--Thermal Conductivity

--Electrical Conductivity

--Modulus of Elasticity

Step 5: Match or mismatch tool and product properties, especially if they are in contact or must move or expand together

Step 6: Make the product and tool from the same materials if possible

Explanation

When substances must touch each other, a matching of properties is often necessary to avoid harm.  For example, having two substances clamped together with different thermal expansion coefficients can lead to high stresses or high levels of friction.  The tool and product should match the properties that matter the most.  Not every property is required to match.  For instance, clamping two substances with different densities may be fine so long as the thermal coefficients match under conditions of large temperature swings.  Examples of properties that are often considered are: Thermal expansion[49], Thermal Conductivity, Electrical Conductivity, Modulus of Elasticity

Method32 Gradients

Step 1: Consider the bulk constituents. Can they be made non-uniform[51]?

Step 2: How would a material gradient affect the internal fields?

Step 3: Allow a gradation or mixture gradient[52] of material constituents

Step 4: Allow a sharp gradation of material constituents

Step 5: Add a new material and allow the gradient to vary

Explanation

The gradient of any property is its rate of change with respect to distance.  High gradients change from one value to another over a very short distance. In this case, we are considering the gradient of substance components. An additive to a substance can have a high gradient and thus, the properties vary across the object. This is sometimes important in the control of fields and is similar to the concept of asymmetry of structures in controlling fields.

Method33 Chemical Activities

Step 1:  Consider how chemically reactive the Product is to the Tool. [53]

Step 2: Increase Chemical Activity

Step 3: Change to very active chemical substances:

--Use progressively activated oxygen[54].

--Ambient Air

--Oxygenated Air

--Pure Oxygen

--Ionized Oxygen

--Ozone

--Singlet Oxygen

Step 4: Change the tool or product to an inert substance[55]

Step 5: Introduce inert gases[56]

Step 6: Introduce or mix in inert substances[57]

Step 7: Use a vacuum

Explanation

The chemical activity is a reference to how chemically active the tool is to the product under a given condition.  This has greatest emphasis when the main useful functions are involved in a chemical reaction between the tool and the product.  The chemical reactivity can be boosted by thermal fields or electrical currents.

Fields

34 Adding Fields

Method

Step 1: Identify substances and constructions which react strongly to the existing fields or fields which would react strongly to the existing substances.

Step 2: Identify other fields in the environment.

Step 3: Consider assisting fields or counter fields that could be superimposed into, onto or in the environment of the objects?

Step 4: Consult the table of Storage of Fields for consideration of residual fields.

Step 5: Introduce a field into the system that performs the required action.[60]

Step 6: Superimpose a counter field

Step 7: Superimpose an assisting field[61]

Step 8: Superimpose a new field type

Step 9: Pre-stress the parts

Explanation

There are a variety of reasons to add fields[58].  Whenever it is necessary to introduce a field, it should be done in a way that requires the least use of resources.  The Solution Standards shown in the references below, give a variety of ways to introduce fields without increasing system complexity.[59]

Method35 Conductivity

Step 1: What medium surrounds or is between the tool and product?

Step 2: Draw field potential lines and gradients

Step 3: How does the conductivity of the medium affect the interaction?

Step 4: What medium is between the tool and product?

36 Decrease Shield Amplify

Step 5: Is the conductivity of the medium adjustable?

Step 6: Should a different medium be used?

Step 7: Change the conductivity of the medium by using concentrated additives

Step 8: Change the gradient of conductivity

Step 9: Change to a different medium with higher or lower conductance

Step 10: Shorten the flow path

Step 11: Decrease flow transformations

Step 12: Change the number of turns

Step 13: Increase or decrease the field intensity from the tool

Step 14: Use an intermediate substance to shield, amplify or decrease the field

Step 15: Change the conductivity of the mediator

Explanation

The conductance[62] of the medium in which the fields must operate can control the affect of the function. The medium refers to the substance that contains the tool or product whether that be a solid, liquid or gas or even a vacuum. The conductivity of the medium can have a strong impact on the fields and their distribution in space. For instance, electromagnetic fields would be strongly influenced by electrically conductive materials in the vicinity.

Method37 Field Direction

Step 1: Identify the field gradients and potential lines

Step 2: Identify the field direction as being perpendicular or orthogonal to the field gradient lines.

Step 3: Is the field direction important?

Step 4: What would happen if the fields were reversed[64]

Step 5: Identify whether the field direction is important to the function at hand.

Step 6: Does varying the field direction in time affect the function?

Step 7: Consider reversing the fields

Step 8: Change to the ideal field direction.

Step 9: Identify the field gradient and potential

Step 10: Does varying the field direction affect the function?  Vary the field direction

38 Different Ways to Reverse Direction

Explanation

Field direction[63] refers to the direction that actions will take when influenced by a field. If one knows the field gradient, then the field direction is perpendicular to the field gradient lines. The direction of a magnetic field between two infinite plates emanates perpendicular to the two parallel surfaces and is related to the charge of the plates (assuming constant charge distribution). The field direction has a direct effect on the function of the tool on the product.

Method39 Field Media Concentration

Step 1:  Draw the field gradients and field potential lines as they currently exist.  Consider the following:--Concentration of the field--Rate of change of field gradient--Coherence of field--Interference of field--Field Scatter

Step 2:  Move to higher dimensions[68].

Step 3:  Change the dimension of the affected area of the product

Step 4:  Use heat to change the refractive index

Step 5:  Sharply change the field gradient to eliminate harmful functions

Step 6:  Make the Field Coherent

40 Different Ways to Change Field Concentration

Explanation

System efficiency can often be improved by moving from uniform fields to fields with structure.  [67]Field gradient refers to how rapidly a field changes at a point in space.  High field gradients mean that the field strength changes rapidly at that point.  The efficiency or harm of functions is often related to the uniformity of fields or the structure of the fields. [65] [66]

41 Field Location

Method

Step 1:  Identify substances and constructions which react strongly to the existing fields or that aid or harm the existing interaction

Step 2:  Identify fields which would react strongly to the existing substances.

Step 3:  Indentify where the fields reside.  Do they reside within; on the surface of; or in the environment of the tool or product?

Explanation

Field location refers to the existence and location of fields in the system and their effect on the functions being performed.  Fields which exist in the system can contribute to harm or to good.  For instance, the presence of heat during friction can cause chemical reactions to occur in rubbing components or even other attached components.  If we were studying the chemical interaction between the tool and the object, then we would necessarily be interested in the thermal fields generated by the friction.  Considering the location of the fields adds to our understanding of what is happening.  The fields can be on the inside of objects, on their surface or in the surrounding medium.  It is important to understand where these field exist and the level of the fields in each location.  The concept of being aware of field location[69] [70] comes from TRIZ standards.

Method42 Separation of Field Components

Step 1: Can the field be broken into various components by direction, Frequency or Variety of Fundamental Fields?

Step 2: Identify the truly useful components

Step 3: What properties of the product or tool affect the variety of field components?--Transmission of frequency--Absorption of frequency--Reflection of frequency--Anisotropy of Medium--Resonance properties of medium

Step 4: Break the field into various components:  --Variety of field directions--Frequency--Variety of Fundamental Fields

Step 5: Separate out the useful components

Step 6: Use a different Color: Filter field or reflect only certain frequencies

Step 7: Change the receptivity of the product to certain field components

Step 8: Search the Table of Effects for ways to separate field components

Step 9: Move to a higher dimension[72] to enhance the filter.

43 Different Ways to Separate Field Components

Explanation

Various parts can be operating in different directions.  It is possible to separate[71] out the different field components by the methods shown.Many fields come as combinations of different field regimes.  For instance sunlight is a continuation of frequencies which can be separated into different frequencies.  Some field components may be harmful or less useful.  It is also possible that more regimes can be helpful.

Adjustability

44 Adjustability

Method

Step 1: Are important control parameters adjustable?

Step 2: Which of the features of the tool, product or field can be made adjustable[75]?

Step 3: Make adjustable to adapt to each stage of operation.[76]

Step 4: Make self-adjusting according to operating conditions.  Immobile objects become mobile. 

Step 5: Place joints in the tool or product.  Increase the number of joints 

Step 6:  If a parameter is already adjustable, increase the degrees of freedom.

Step 7:  Make several controlling parameters adjustable

Step 8:  Make an existing or new parameter continuously adjustable.

Line of Evolution

45 Lines of Evolution Adjustability

Line of Evolution Adjustable Features

46 Lines of Evolution Control

Line of Evolution for Continuity of Adjustment

47 Lines of Evolution Adjustibility

Explanation

The efficiency of systems is generally increased by increasing the degrees of freedom[73] and ultimately the flexibility. [74] Adjustability first comes from the increase in degrees of freedom.  This can occur by adding a joint or making an object flexible.  It can come from increasing the number of variables that are varied in order to control a final result.

Method48 Adjustibility

Step 1: Everything is flexible.  Look at the system as a collection of springs, masses and dampers.

Step 2: Consider the flexibility of the tool and how it affects the fields relating to the problem..

Step 3: Consider the flexibility of the product and how it affects the fields relating to the problem.

Step 4: Consider the direction of flexibility and how it affects the fields relating to the problem.

Step 5: Consider how the state of matter affects the flexibility.

Step 6: Change the flexibility of the tool.

Step 7: Change the flexibility of the product.

Step 8: Change the direction of flexibility.

Step 9: Make very flexible by transforming to a liquid or gas.

Explanation

Everything is flexible[77] . Look at the system as a collection of springs, masses and dampers that go in every direction, sort of like bed springs.  Materials are flexible in all directions, however the structure of an object will make it more flexible in some directions.  The flexibility of the tool or product can affect the adjustability of the interaction or make the system more robust.  Remember that the state of matter affects the flexibility of materials.

Method49 Operating near critical points

Step 1: Does the feature have a natural critical condition or threshold, such as boiling point or Curie temperature?

50 Examples of Critical Points

Step 2: Can a critical condition or threshold be created for a feature which does not normally have one, such as a bi-stable condition?

Step 3: If the function is useful, operation near the critical condition can trigger large results.

Step 4: If the function is harmful, operating far away from the critical point reduces the effect.   This can be used to switch off the harmful field[80].

Step 5: Operate near or far from the critical condition

Explanation

For many physical phenomena, there are critical points[78] which cause an abrupt change of properties when they are crossed. For example, when the temperature of water reaches the boiling point, large amounts of vapor are generated. Many of the properties of water vapor and water are different.  We can think of the boiling point of water as a critical point. When interactions occur near critical points, more effect occurs for smaller changes in inputs. Thus, efficiency of system operation can be increased by operating near critical points.

Phase Transitions[79] are another example of critical points.  To the right is a non-exhaustive table of critical points for various physical phenomena. One can often construe a critical point for nearly every physical phenomenon.

Direction

Method51 Direction of Action

Step 1: Identify current direction of action.

Step 2: Does the direction of action have an effect on the function?

Step 3: Reverse the direction of action[81]

Step 4: Change from linear to rotary motion.

Step 5: Change from rotary to linear motion.

Step 6: Go 90 degrees to the current direction

Explanation

This is not to be confused with the direction of fields.  The direction of action is the direction of the resulting interaction between the tool and the product.  For instance, if the product moves, it is the direction of movement.

Method52 Relative Orientation

Step 1: Try different rotational[82] orientations, relative to each other.

Step 2: Consider differences between linear and rotary motion.

Step 3: Change the orientation of the tool to the product

Explanation

The relative orientation is how the product and tool “face” each other.  To the right of the diagram is shown a non-exhaustive variety of orientations.  Do they both face the same or opposite directions?  Are they crosswise of each other?  The relative orientation is another way of looking at the orientation of the fields of action.

Method53 Reversal of Action

Step 1: What is the action performed relative to?

Step 2: What constitutes the reverse of the current action?

Step 3: Change the relative action

Step 4: Perform the reverse action

Step 5: Place parts upside down or backward

Step 6: Make moving parts stationary

Explanation

Reversal of action[84]refers to doing the opposite action rather than the action that is being performed. We could say that instead of pushing we pull, but it needs to be thought of as more than this. What we are saying is that if an action is performed, it is performed relative to something.  That something changes instead. Instead of the mechanic moving to get under the car, the car is lifted relative to the mechanic.  A collar is heated to expand it to go over a rod.  Now the rod is cooled so that the collar can fit over it.

Method54 Movement Relative to Field Gradients

Step 1: Draw the field lines and the equipotential lines[85]

Step 2: Does either object move or rotate[86] through a field gradient?

Step 3: What direction do they move relative to the gradient?

Step 4: Make objects move along equipotential lines

Step 5: If either object already moves along equipotential lines, changing the field slightly can make the function adjustable. How can the fields be changed?

Step 6: Avoid lifting.

Explanation

When objects move, they not only move relative to other objects, but they also move relative to fields and field gradients. Gravity is a field gradient. The closer we get to the earth, the greater its pull. When we move relative to field gradients, we do work which is usually a burden on the system. Moving up or down in a gravity field requires work which is proportional to the distance moved.  Fortunately, this is reversible since gravity is a field that conserves energy. No matter how we move in the field, it always retains the same direction, making the energy flow reversible. Since it takes work to move across field gradients, it is often possible to move along field gradients and avoid performing work. For instance, if motion can be done in such a way that neither moves up or down, then the work performed against gravity is not required. An example of this is the movement of heavy objects on wheels or rotated on their center of gravity. Acceleration of the mass, either rotationally or horizontally requires energy, but no energy is required to move it up or down. The same is true of many other field types that are conserving. Some field types are not conserving. For instance, fields which change with a change of direction of motion. Friction is a notorious example of this. Energy lost by friction is difficult to recover for this reason. The question that we are asking with this tool is: are we moving along gradient lines or against them which requires energy input.

Timing

Method55 Continuity of Operation

Step 1: Does the Tool Follow a Path?  If the tool follows a path, make the Tool perform the function on the entire path, both coming and going?

Step 2: Does the Tool perform the function on the entire path, both coming and going?

Step 3: Is the function at full load (always operating)?  If the function is not at full capacity, find a way to ensure that it is operating all the time.  Eliminate the downtimes.

Step 4: Have dummy runs and downtimes been eliminated?  Eliminate all dummy runs and downtimes.

Explanation

Efficiency of a function is a function of the percentage of time that the function is performed[88].  If the attribute that is being examined has to do with efficiency of operation or the overall value of the function performed, then this feature of timing will have a controlling effect.

Method56 Different Time

Step 1: Process Map the changing conditions over time.

Step 2: Does the requirement for the function vary over time?

Step 3: If the process is continuous, can it be changed to periodic action[89]?

Step 4: Could other tools help out at another time?

Step 5: If the modification is performed as a step in a process, can the sequence be varied?

Step 6: Change the Sequence

Step 7: Change the time

Step 8: Perform during transportation or while queued or waiting

Step 9: Temporarily turn the function off

Step 10: Introduce a temporary blocking. (Should be taken away by resources only)

Step 11: Make the product temporarily insensitive

Step 12: Temporarily move the product away

Explanation

Sometimes the only difference between a harmful function and a useful function is when it is performed.  If the conditions under which a function occurs can change with time, then so can the variables that control the outcome.

Method57 Partial Modification

Step 1:  Can the modification be broken into two (or more) stages?

Step 2:  Can the operation be broken into parallel processes?

Step 3:  Separate the modification into two or more serial stages

Step 4:  Separate the operation into parallel stages

Step 5:  Perform setup at the same time as the operation.

Step 6:  Implies use of a previously placed tool

Explanation

Functions are shorthand for processes.  Any function can be separated into parts.  The efficiency of a function may be controlled by when the parts of a function are performed.  It is possible to perform part[91] of a function at one time and the rest at other times.  It is also possible to perform parts of the function at the same time or in parallel.

Method58 Addition or Subtraction of Functions

Step 1: Identify other functions performed on the tool, product and field.

Step 2: Does uncoupling these other functions affect the interaction?

Step 3: Would coupling other functions such as vibration affect the outcome?

Step 4: Couple or uncouple other functions such as vibration.

Explanation

With a function diagram of the system, it is possible to see all of the functions that other objects perform, both inside and outside the system.  If an object performs a function in the system, it is sometimes possible to have that object perform a similar function on other system objects.  It is also possible to decouple functions (both useful and harmful).

59 Uninterrupted Operation

Method

Step 1: Are all parts of the system at full load?

Step 2: Have dummy runs and downtimes been eliminated?

Step 3: What else in the system requires the same modification?

Step 4: Is it possible to change functions between objects?

Step 5: Move to uninterrupted operation

Step 6: Make the tool operate on other similar products

Step 7: Modify the tool to operate on diverse products.

Explanation

Systems are more efficient when operations are performed continuously[92].  This may require that a tool in the system be capable of handling biased products or even different products that require the function.  This is particularly true for systems that manufacture goods.

Method60 Incompatible Operations

Step 1: Identify incompatible operations

Step 2: Identify their timing relative to each other.  Is the timing necessary?

Step 3: Identify pauses in each operation

Step 4: Identify how one operation might be employed in pauses of the other.

Explanation

Efficiency is increased when one incompatible operation is performed during the pauses of the other.[93]  [94]

Method61 Storage of Action or Field

Step 1: Identify the main fields of the function.

Step 2: Consult below table for ways to store this field

Step 3: Is this field stored, even for an instant in the tool, product or in space? (Is there a lag between field generation and application?)

Step 4: Is there energy storage in oscillations?

Step 5: Does storage improve the function?

Step 6: Consult the next page for ways to store this field

Step 7: Is this field stored, even for an instant in the tool, product or in space? (Is there a lag between field generation and application?)

Step 8: Is there energy storage in oscillations?  Consider storing in oscillations.

Step 9: Can storage be a mediator between the tool and product?

Step 10: Store the field in the lag between field generation and application


62 Storage Properties Affect These Fields

Explanation

Many actions are “stored” or at least delayed in their delivery.  As stated, the timing of actions has much to do with how harmful or useful they are.  An action can be harmful because it is delayed or not.  Here we consider what storage or delay action currently exists.  In particular, it is possible that actions are already being stored in field storage elements of the system, or they are slowly building up due to oscillations of the function.

Time Variation

Method63 Speed

Step 1: Story board or process map the process.

Step 2: What actions can be performed more completely if the action is performed more slowly?

Step 3: What actions can be excluded if the function is performed more rapidly.  If the modification were performed more rapidly[95], would other harmful functions be precluded?

Step 4: How are the fields changed by performing the modification at different speeds?

Step 5: If the modification were performed more rapidly, would other harmful functions be precluded?

Step 6: Slow the function way down (hours, days, weeks, months, years)[96]

Step 7: Perform the modification very rapidly[97] to preclude harmful or hazardous functions.

Explanation

The speed at which an action is performed can have a strong impact on many sub-steps to the action.  Since all interactions and functions are processes and functions are shorthand for processes, there may be several steps that occur when an action is performed.  Performing an action very rapidly may preclude other actions from occurring at the same time.  Performing it very slowly may allow for other actions to be performed during the action time or, at least, performed more completely.

Method64 Discrete or Continuous

Step 1: Is it not possible to perform a function continuously? Is existence of the function controlled by whether it is discrete or continuous?

Step 2: Can the Tool be Multiplied or segmented[99] into separate pieces?

Step 3: Can each piece move into action in discrete steps or into fixed positions or amplitudes.

Step 4: If the action is discrete, can it be made continuous?

Step 5: Continuous actions move to discrete actions

Step 6: Multiply or segment the tool into separate pieces.

Step 7: Each piece moves into action in discrete steps or into fixed positions or amplitudes.

Step 8: Discrete actions move to continuous actions

Explanation

When it is difficult to perform a useful function at all, the ability to perform it may be a function of continuity. Generally, functions move from discrete instances to continuous operation. In order to create a function, it may be necessary to go through the discrete[98] stage first in order to perform it at all.

Method65 Time Variance or Pulse

Step 1: How is the interaction affected if you could continuously vary the action in time?

Step 2: If it can be continuously varied, consider pulsing the action.

Step 3: Shape the curve

Step 4: Square pulse the action

Step 5: Shape the pulse.

Step 6: Make the pulse travel.

Explanation

The outcome of a function may be controlled by the variation in timing or the shape[100] of the application of fields. Functions become more efficient when the fields become more controllable and can vary as the conditions vary.

Method66 Pulsation or Oscillation

Step 1: What oscillations[101] [102] are already occurring in the tool, product, action (modification) or fields?  Look for small oscillations or oscillations within the bulk matter itself.

Step 2: Is the interaction affected by pulsing or oscillating the tool, product or field?

Step 3: Is a feature or an attached object of the tool or product being oscillated?

Step 4: How do the natural frequencies of the tool and product affect the interaction?

Step 5: Can a feature or knob of the tool, product or field be oscillated?

Step 6: How do the natural frequencies of the tool and product affect the interaction?  Increase or decrease the frequency.

Step 7: Pulsate or oscillate the tool, product, field or product receptivity.

Step 8: Make the tool, product or field resonate

Step 9: Create standing waves

Step 10: Cancel oscillations in the tool, product or field

Step 11: Mismatch the product natural frequency with the tool driving frequency

Line of Evolution


67 Line of Evolution for Pulsation or Oscillation

Explanation

All matter and many fields oscillate.  The oscillations may be very small and sometimes nearly undetectable.  Assume that the objects of study are oscillating.  Actions can be stored or amplified by oscillating the action, the object or the tool.  Here we consider whether oscillations are taking place and what controls these oscillations.System efficiency is improved by matching the oscillation of fields to the natural frequency of objects being acted upon.[103] [104] [105] Efficiency can also be improved by matching or mismatching the frequency of the fields that are being used.[106]

Example: To coat a part with a material, the material is applied as a powder. To provide a high degree of regularity, the frequencies of pulses of an electrical current and pulses of magnetic field are made equal.

References

[1] The Inventive Standards can be found in a variety of texts including Yuri Salamatov, TRIZ: The Right Solution at the Right Time by INSYTEC pages 226-244

[2] “Standard Solutions” is a TRIZ tool which is not covered in TRIZ Power Tools except in its restructured form.   Table of Standard Solutions can be found in a variety of TRIZ texts

[3] Inventive Principle #15—Dynamicity:  Characteristics of an object or outside environment, must be altered to provide optimal performance at each stage of an operation.  If an object is immobile, make it mobile. Make it interchangeable.  Divide an object into elements capable of changing their position relative to each other.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[4] Inventive Principle #15—Dynamicity:  Characteristics of an object or outside environment, must be altered to provide optimal performance at each stage of an operation.  If an object is immobile, make it mobile. Make it interchangeable.  Divide an object into elements capable of changing their position relative to each other.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[5] Inventive Principle #32—Changing the color:  Change the color of an object or its environment.  Change the degree of translucency of an object or its environment.  Use color additives to observe an object or process which is difficult to see.  If such additives are already used, employ luminescent traces or trace atoms.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[8] Inventive Principle #7—Nesting (Matrioshka):   One object is placed inside another. That object is placed inside a third one. And so on.  An object passes through a cavity in another object.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[6] STANDARD 3-1-1. System efficiency at any stage of its evolution can be improved by combining the system with another system (or systems) to form a bi- or poly-system.  Notes: For a simple formation of bi- and poly-systems, two and more components are combined. Components to be combined may be substances, fields, substance- field pairs and whole SFMs.  Example: To process sides of thin glass plates, several plates are put together to prevent glass from breaking.

[7] STANDARD 3-1-2. Efficiency of bi- and poly-systems can be improved by developing links between system elements.  Notes: Links between elements of a bi- and poly-system may be made either more rigid or more dynamic.  Example: To synchronize a process of lifting a very heavy part by three cranes, it is proposed to use a rigid triangle synchronizing the cranes moving parts.

[9] STANDARD 3-1-3. Efficiency of bi- and poly-systems can be improved by increasing the difference between system components. The following line of evolution is recommended: similar components (pencils of the same color) –->components with biased characteristics (pencils of different colors) –->different components (set of drawing instruments) –->combinations of the "component + component with opposite function” (pencil with rubber)

[10] Inventive Principle #17—Transition Into a New Dimension:  Transition one-dimensional movement, or placement, of objects into two- dimensional ; two-dimensional to three- dimensional, etc. Utilize multi-level composition of objects.  Incline an object, or place it on its side.  Utilize the opposite side of a given surface.  Project optical lines onto neighboring areas, or onto the reverse side, of an object. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[11] Inventive Principle #17—Transition Into a New Dimension:  Transition one-dimensional movement, or placement, of objects into two- dimensional ; two-dimensional to three- dimensional, etc. Utilize multi-level composition of objects.  Incline an object, or place it on its side.  Utilize the opposite side of a given surface.  Project optical lines onto neighboring areas, or onto the reverse side, of an object. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[12] Inventive Principle #7—Nesting (Matrioshka):   One object is placed inside another. That object is placed inside a third one. And so on.  An object passes through a cavity in another object.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[13] Inventive Principle #5—Consolidation:  Consolidate in space homogeneous objects, or objects destined for contiguous operations.  Consolidate in time homogeneous or contiguous  operations.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[14] .Inventive Principle #12—Equipotentiality:  Change the condition of the work in such a way that it will not require lifting or lowering an object.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[15] Inventive Principle #17—Transition Into a New Dimension:  Transition one-dimensional movement, or placement, of objects into two- dimensional ; two-dimensional to three- dimensional, etc. Utilize multi-level composition of objects.  Incline an object, or place it on its side.  Utilize the opposite side of a given surface.  Project optical lines onto neighboring areas, or onto the reverse side, of an object. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[16] Inventive Principle #14—Spheroidality:  Replace linear parts with curved parts, flat surfaces with spherical surfaces, and cube shapes with ball shapes.  Use rollers, balls, spirals.  Replace linear motion with rotational motion ; utilize centrifugal force.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[17] STANDARD 2-2-6. Efficiency of a SFM can be improved by transition from substances that are uniform or have a disordered structure to substances that are non-uniform or have a predefined spatial-temporal structure (permanent or variable).  Notes:  In particular, if an intensive effect of a field is required in certain places of a system (points, lines), then substances that produce the required field are introduced in these spots beforehand.  Example: To make a porous material with oriented spatial structure threads are inserted into the soft material beforehand. After the material solidifies these threads are burned out.

[18] Inventive Principle #4—Asymmetry:  Replace symmetrical form(s) with asymmetrical form(s). If an object is already asymmetrical, increase its degree of asymmetry.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[19] Inventive Principle #4—Asymmetry:  Replace symmetrical form(s) with asymmetrical form(s). If an object is already asymmetrical, increase its degree of asymmetry.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[20] Inventive Principle #17—Transition Into a New Dimension:  Transition one-dimensional movement, or placement, of objects into two- dimensional ; two-dimensional to three- dimensional, etc. Utilize multi-level composition of objects.  Incline an object, or place it on its side.  Utilize the opposite side of a given surface.  Project optical lines onto neighboring areas, or onto the reverse side, of an object. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[21] Inventive Principle #17—Transition Into a New Dimension:  Transition one-dimensional movement, or placement, of objects into two- dimensional ; two-dimensional to three- dimensional, etc. Utilize multi-level composition of objects.  Incline an object, or place it on its side.  Utilize the opposite side of a given surface.  Project optical lines onto neighboring areas, or onto the reverse side, of an object. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[22] Inventive Principle #7—Nesting (Matrioshka):   One object is placed inside another. That object is placed inside a third one. And so on.  An object passes through a cavity in another object.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[23] Inventive Principle #1—Segmentation:  Divide an object into independent parts. Make an object sectional (for easy assembly or disassembly).  Increase the degree of an object's segmentation.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[24] STANDARD 5-5-1. If substance particles (e. g. ions) are required to solve a problem and they are not available according to the problem conditions, the required particles can be obtained by decomposing a substance of a higher structural level (e.g. molecules).

STANDARD 5-5-2. If substance particles (e.g. molecules) are required to solve a problem and they cannot be produced by decomposing a substance of a higher structural level, the required particles can be obtained by combining particles of a lower structural level (e.g. ions).

STANDARD 5-5-3. If a substance of a higher structural level has to be decomposed, the easiest way is to decompose the nearest higher element. When combining particles of a lower structural level, the easiest way is to combine the nearest lower elements.

[25] STANDARD 5-1-1-1. If it is necessary to introduce a substance in the system, and it is not allowed, a "void" can be used instead of the substance.  Notes:  A "void” is usually gaseous substance, like air, or empty space formed in a solid object. In some cases a "void" may be formed by other substances, such as liquids (foam) or loose bodies.

[26] STANDARD 2-2-3. Efficiency of a SFM can be improved by transition from a solid object to a capillary porous one. The transition is performed as: solid object –-> object with one cavity –->object with multiple cavities (perforated) –-> capillary porous object –-> capillary porous object with a predefined porous structure. Notes: Transition to a capillary porous object enables a liquid substance to be placed in the pores and use physical effects.  Example: A bunch of capillaries apply liquid glue more accurately on a surface to be glued than a single large-sized tube.

[27]  Inventive Principle #31—Porous Material:  Make an object porous, or use supplementary porous elements ( inserts, covers, etc.).  If an object is already porous, fill poured in advance with some substance.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[28] STANDARD 1-2-1. If useful and harmful effects appear between two substances in a SFM and there is no need to maintain a direct contact between the substances, the problem is solved by introducing a third substance between them. Notes: The third substance can also be obtained from the present substances by exposure to the existing fields. In particular, the substance to be introduced can be bubbles, foam, etc. Example: To compact walls of a borehole, gases produced during explosion are used. However, the gases also may cause cracks in the borehole’s walls. It is proposed to cover the walls by plasticine that transmits pressure but prevents the walls from crack formation.

[29] STANDARD 1-2-2. If there are a useful and a harmful effects between two substances, and there is no need to maintain direct contact between the substances, and it is forbidden or inconvenient to use foreign substances, the problem can be solved by introducing a third substance between the two, which is a modification of the first or the second substances. Note: The third substance can be obtained from the existing substances by exposure to the present fields. In particular, the substance to be introduced can be bubbles, foam, etc. Besides, a modification of the substance may bring about a change in the law of its movement: movable-fixed parts, etc. Example: A hydrodynamic foil’s surface might be destroyed by a cavitation produced by the friction between the foil and the water when moving at a high speed. It is proposed to refrigerate the surface of the foil. Surrounding water will freeze and form an ice layer on the foil.

[30] STANDARD 5-1-4. If it is necessary to introduce a large quantity of a substance, but this is not allowed, a "void" in the form of inflatable structures or foam should be used as the substance.  Note:  Introduction of foam or inflatable structures resolves a contradiction 'much substance - little substance'

[31] Inventive Principle #30—Flexible Membranes or Thin Films:  Replace customary constructions with flexible membranes or thin film.  Isolate an object from its outside environment with flexible membranes or thin films. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[32] Inventive Principle #35—Transformation of Properties:  Change the physical state of the system.  Change the concentration or density.  Change the degree of flexibility.  Change the temperature or volume.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289

[33] This comes from what is sometimes called the STC operator which stands for size, time and cost.  When using this concept, the problem solver considers the possibility that the there is no limit to each of these variables and to consider the problem at the extremes of each.  In this case, we consider the size or volume of the tool or product only Page 112 of The Innovation Algorithm, Genrich Altshuller.

[34] Inventive Principle #14—Spheroidality:  Replace linear parts with curved parts, flat surfaces with spherical surfaces, and cube shapes with ball shapes.  Use rollers, balls, spirals.  Replace linear motion with rotational motion ; utilize centrifugal force.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[35]   The source of this object property is The line of evolution was presented in Invention Machine TM Software.

[36] Inventive Principle #35—Transformation of Properties:  Change the physical state of the system.  Change the concentration or density.  Change the degree of flexibility.  Change the temperature or volume.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289

[37] Inventive Principle #36—Phase Transition:  Using the phenomena of phase change (i.e., a change in volume, the liberation or absorption of heat, etc.).  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[38] STANDARD 3-2-1. Efficiency of a system at any stage of its evolution can be improved by transition from a macro-level to a micro-level: the system or its part is replaced by a substance capable of delivering the required function when interacting with a field.  Notes: There is a multitude of micro-level states of a substance (domains, crystal lattice, molecules, ions, domains, atoms, fundamental particles, fields, etc.). Therefore, various options of transition to a micro-level and various options of transition from one micro-level to another, lower one, should be considered when solving a problem.  Example: Instead of a micro-screw, a microscopic table can be positioned by fixing it on a metal rod that is subjected to a thermal field. The rod expands and contracts relatively the value of the temperature due to the effect of thermal expansion.

[39] STANDARD 3-2-1. Efficiency of a system at any stage of its evolution can be improved by transition from a macro-level to a micro-level: the system or its part is replaced by a substance capable of delivering the required function when interacting with a field.  Notes: There is a multitude of micro-level states of a substance (domains, crystal lattice, molecules, ions, domains, atoms, fundamental particles, fields, etc.). Therefore, various options of transition to a micro-level and various options of transition from one micro-level to another, lower one, should be considered when solving a problem.  Example: Instead of a micro-screw, a microscopic table can be positioned by fixing it on a metal rod that is subjected to a thermal field. The rod expands and contracts relatively the value of the temperature due to the effect of thermal expansion.

[40] STANDARD 1-1-2. If there is a SFM which is not easy to change as required, and the conditions do not contain any limitations on the introduction of additives to given substances, the problem is to be solved by a transition (permanent or temporary) to an internal complex SFM, introducing additives in the present substances enhancing controllability or imparting the required properties to the SFM. Example: To detect very small drops of liquid (S2) in a liquid (S1), a luminescent substance is added to the liquid (S2) in advance.

[41] STANDARD 1-1-3. If there is a SFM which is not easy to change as required, and the conditions contain limitations on the introduction of additives into the existing substances, the problem can be solved by a transition (permanent or temporary) to an external complex SFM, attaching to one of these substances an external substance which improves controllability or brings the required properties to the SFM.  Example: To detect a leakage of gases (S1) from a pipe (S2), an outer surface of the pipe is covered with a substance (S3)

[42] STANDARD 1-1-4. If there is a SFM that is not easy to change as required, and the conditions contain limitations on the introduction or attachment of substances, the problem has to be solved by synthesizing a SFM using external environment as the substance.

[43] STANDARD 1-1-2. If there is a SFM which is not easy to change as required, and the conditions do not contain any limitations on the introduction of additives to given substances, the problem is to be solved by a transition (permanent or temporary) to an internal complex SFM, introducing additives in the present substances enhancing controllability or imparting the required properties to the SFM. Example: To detect very small drops of liquid (S2) in a liquid (S1), a luminescent substance is added to the liquid (S2) in advance.

[44] STANDARD 1-1-3. If there is a SFM which is not easy to change as required, and the conditions contain limitations on the introduction of additives into the existing substances, the problem can be solved by a transition (permanent or temporary) to an external complex SFM, attaching to one of these substances an external substance which improves controllability or brings the required properties to the SFM.  Example: To detect a leakage of gases (S1) from a pipe (S2), an outer surface of the pipe is covered with a substance (S3)

[45] STANDARD 1-1-4. If there is a SFM that is not easy to change as required, and the conditions contain limitations on the introduction or attachment of substances, the problem has to be solved by synthesizing a SFM using external environment as the substance.

[46] STANDARD 1-1-5. If the external environment does not contain ready substances required to synthesize a SFM, these substances can be obtained by replacing the external environment with another one, or by decomposing the environment, or by introducing additives into the environment. Example: To improve a coefficient of sliding effect, a liquid lubricant is aerated.

[47] STANDARD 5-1-1-1. If it is necessary to introduce a substance in the system, and it is not allowed, a "void" can be used instead of the substance.  Notes:  A "void” is usually gaseous substance, like air, or empty space formed in a solid object. In some cases a "void" may be formed by other substances, such as liquids (foam) or loose bodies.

STANDARD 5-1-1-2. If it is necessary to introduce a substance in the system, and it is not allowed, a field can be introduced instead of the substance.

STANDARD 5-1-1-3. If it is necessary to introduce a substance in the system, and it is not allowed. an external additive can be used instead of an internal one.

STANDARD 5-1-1-4. If it is necessary to introduce a substance in the system, and it is not allowed, a very active additive can be introduced in very small quantities.

STANDARD 5-1-1-5. If it is necessary to introduce a substance in the system, and it is not allowed, an additive can be introduced in very small quantities, and concentrated in certain parts of the object.

STANDARD 5-1-1-6. If it is necessary to introduce a substance in the system, and it is not allowed, the substance can be introduced temporarily and then removed.

STANDARD 5-1-1-7. If it is necessary to introduce a substance in the system, and it is not allowed, a copy of the object can be used instead of the object itself, where introduction of substances is allowed.

STANDARD 5-1-1-8. If it is necessary to introduce a substance in the system, and it is not allowed by the system's operating conditions, the substance can be introduced in a form of a chemical compound which can be later decomposed.

STANDARD 5-1-1-9. If it is necessary to introduce a substance in the system, and it is not allowed, the substance can be produced by decomposing the external environment or the object itself, for instance, by electrolysis, or by changing the aggregate state of a part of the object or external environment.

STANDARD 5-1-2. If a system is not easy to change as required, and the conditions do not allow to replace the component acting as an instrument or introduce additives, the artifact has to be used instead of the instrument, dividing the artifact into parts interacting with each other.

STANDARD 5-1-3. After the substance introduced in the system has fulfilled its function, it should either disappear or become indistinguishable from the substance that was in the system or in the external environment before.  Note:  The substance that has been introduced may disappear due to chemical reactions or change of phase.

STANDARD 5-1-4. If it is necessary to introduce a large quantity of a substance, but this is not allowed, a "void" in the form of inflatable structures or foam should be used as the substance.  Note:  Introduction of foam or inflatable structures resolves a contradiction 'much substance - little substance'.

[48] STANDARD 1-1-5. If the external environment does not contain ready substances required to synthesize a SFM, these substances can be obtained by replacing the external environment with another one, or by decomposing the environment, or by introducing additives into the environment. Example: To improve a coefficient of sliding effect, a liquid lubricant is aerated.

[49] Inventive Principle #37—Thermal Expansion:  Use expansion or contraction of material by changing its temperature.  Use various materials with different coefficients of thermal expansion.   Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[50] Inventive Principle #3—Local Quality:  Transition from homogeneous to heterogeneous structure of an object or outside environment (action).  Different parts of an object should carry out different functions.  Each part of an object should be placed under  conditions that are most favorable for its operation.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[51] Inventive Principle #3—Local Quality:  Transition from homogeneous to heterogeneous structure of an object or outside environment (action).  Different parts of an object should carry out different functions.  Each part of an object should be placed under  conditions that are most favorable for its operation.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[52] Inventive Principle #35—Transformation of Properties:  Change the physical state of the system.  Change the concentration or density.  Change the degree of flexibility.  Change the temperature or volume.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289

[53] Inventive Principle #38—Accelerated Oxidation:  Make transition from one level of oxidation to the next higher level :  Ambient air to oxygenated; Oxygenated to oxygen.  Oxygen to ionized oxygen.  Ionized oxygen to ozoned oxygen.  Ozoned oxygen to ozone.  Ozone to singlet oxygen.   Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[54] Inventive Principle #38—Accelerated Oxidation:  Make transition from one level of oxidation to the next higher level :  Ambient air to oxygenated; Oxygenated to oxygen.  Oxygen to ionized oxygen.  Ionized oxygen to ozoned oxygen.  Ozoned oxygen to ozone.  Ozone to singlet oxygen.   Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[55] Inventive Principle #39—Inert Environment:  Replace a normal environment with an inert one.  Introduce a neutral substance or additives into an object.  Carry out the process in a vacuum.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[56] Inventive Principle #39—Inert Environment:  Replace a normal environment with an inert one.  Introduce a neutral substance or additives into an object.  Carry out the process in a vacuum.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[57] Inventive Principle #39—Inert Environment:  Replace a normal environment with an inert one.  Introduce a neutral substance or additives into an object.  Carry out the process in a vacuum.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[58] Inventive Principle #35—Transformation of Properties:  Change the physical state of the system.  Change the concentration or density.  Change the degree of flexibility.  Change the temperature or volume.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289

[59]  STANDARD 5-2-1. If a field has to be introduced in a SFM, one should use first of all the present fields for whom the media are those substances that form the system or its part.  Note: The use of substances and fields which already present in the system improves the system’s ideality: number of functions performed by the system increases without increasing the number of used components.

STANDARD 5-2-2. If a field has to be introduced in a SFM and it is not possible to use the fields which already present in the system, one should use the fields of the external environment.  Note: The use of external environment fields (gravitation, thermal field, pressure...) improves the system’s ideality: the number of functions performed by the system increases without increasing the number of used components.

STANDARD 5-2-3. If a field has to be introduced in a SFM but it is impossible to use the fields which already present in the system or in the external environment, one should use the fields for whom the substances present in the system or external environment can act as media or sources. Notes:  In particular, if there are ferromagnetic substances in a system and they are used for mechanical purposes, it is possible to use their magnetic properties in order to obtain additional effects: improve interactions between components, obtain information on the state of the system, etc.

[60] STANDARD 1-1-1. If there is an object which is not easy to change as required, and the conditions do not contain any limitations on the introduction of substances and fields, the problem is to be solved by synthesizing a S F M: the object is subjected to the action of a physical field which produces the necessary change in the object.  Example: To remove air (S1) from a powdered substance, the substance  (S2) is subjected to centrifugal forces (F).

[61] STANDARD 2-1-2. If it is necessary to improve the efficiency of SFM, and replacement of SFM elements is not allowed, the problem can be solved by the synthesis of a dual SFM through introducing a second field which is easy to control.  Example: It is proposed to increase control over a melted metal by rotating the metal in a centrifuge.

[62] The concept of conductance was first introduced to the author by Invention Machine software graphics which showed how fields could be modulated by the medium that was placed between the tool and the product to decrease or amplify the effect of the field.

[63] The concept of changing the field direction was first introduced to the author by Invention Machine software graphics which showed how fields direction could be changed by the graphics shown.

[64] Inventive Principle #13—Do It in Reverse:   Instead of the direct action dictated by a problem, implement an opposite action (i.e., cooling instead of heating).  Make the movable part of an object, or outside environment, stationary and stationary part moveable.  Turn an object upside-down.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[65] STANDARD 2-2-5. Efficiency of SFM can be improved by transition from a uniform field or fields with a disordered structure to non-uniform fields or fields with a definite spatial- temporal structure (permanent or variable). Notes:   If a certain spatial structure is to be imparted to a substance object, the process can be conducted in a field having a structure that matches the required structure of the substance object.  Example: To mix two magnetic powders, a layer of the first powder is put in the layer of the second powder and the non-uniform magnetic field is applied.

[66] Inventive Principle #3—Local Quality:  Transition from homogeneous to heterogeneous structure of an object or outside environment (action).  Different parts of an object should carry out different functions.  Each part of an object should be placed under  conditions that are most favorable for its operation.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[67] The various methods for changing the field gradients was first introduced to the author by Invention Machine software graphics which showed how fields gradients could be changed by the graphics shown.

[68] Inventive Principle #17—Transition Into a New Dimension:  Transition one-dimensional movement, or placement, of objects into two- dimensional ; two-dimensional to three- dimensional, etc. Utilize multi-level composition of objects.  Incline an object, or place it on its side.  Utilize the opposite side of a given surface.  Project optical lines onto neighboring areas, or onto the reverse side, of an object. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[69] Inventive Principle #35—Transformation of Properties:  Change the physical state of the system.  Change the concentration or density.  Change the degree of flexibility.  Change the temperature or volume.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289

[70]  STANDARD 5-2-1. If a field has to be introduced in a SFM, one should use first of all the present fields for whom the media are those substances that form the system or its part.  Note: The use of substances and fields which already present in the system improves the system’s ideality: number of functions performed by the system increases without increasing the number of used components.

STANDARD 5-2-2. If a field has to be introduced in a SFM and it is not possible to use the fields which already present in the system, one should use the fields of the external environment.  Note: The use of external environment fields (gravitation, thermal field, pressure...) improves the system’s ideality: the number of functions performed by the system increases without increasing the number of used components.

STANDARD 5-2-3. If a field has to be introduced in a SFM but it is impossible to use the fields which already present in the system or in the external environment, one should use the fields for whom the substances present in the system or external environment can act as media or sources. Notes:  In particular, if there are ferromagnetic substances in a system and they are used for mechanical purposes, it is possible to use their magnetic properties in order to obtain additional effects: improve interactions between components, obtain information on the state of the system, etc.

[71] The concept of separating field components was first introduced to the author by Invention Machine software graphics  which are similar to those shown.

[72] Inventive Principle #17—Transition Into a New Dimension:  Transition one-dimensional movement, or placement, of objects into two- dimensional ; two-dimensional to three- dimensional, etc. Utilize multi-level composition of objects.  Incline an object, or place it on its side.  Utilize the opposite side of a given surface.  Project optical lines onto neighboring areas, or onto the reverse side, of an object. Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[73] Inventive Principle #15—Dynamicity:  Characteristics of an object or outside environment, must be altered to provide optimal performance at each stage of an operation.  If an object is immobile, make it mobile. Make it interchangeable.  Divide an object into elements capable of changing their position relative to each other.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[74] STANDARD 2-2-4. Efficiency of a SFM can be improved by increasing the degree of dynamics of SFM, i.e. by transition to a more flexible, rapidly changing structure of the system.  Notes:  Making a substance dynamic starts with dividing it into two joint-coupled parts and continues along the following line: One joint –-> many joints –-> flexible object. A field can be made more dynamic by transition from a permanent field (or of the field together with a substance) to a pulsed field.  Example: A door made of hinged segments -> "Accordion" door ->.

[75] Inventive Principle #15—Dynamicity:  Characteristics of an object or outside environment, must be altered to provide optimal performance at each stage of an operation.  If an object is immobile, make it mobile. Make it interchangeable.  Divide an object into elements capable of changing their position relative to each other.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[76] STANDARD 2-1-1.

Efficiency of SFM can be improved by transforming one of the parts of the SFM into an independently controllable SFM, thus forming a chain SFM.  Example: A tractor with movable center of gravity to work on steep slopes.

[77] Inventive Principle #35—Transformation of Properties:  Change the physical state of the system.  Change the concentration or density.  Change the degree of flexibility.  Change the temperature or volume.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289

[78] STANDARD 5-4-1. If an object is to be alternating between different physical states, the transition is performed by the object itself using reversible physical transformations, e.g. phase transitions, ionization-recombination, dissociation-association, etc.  Note:  A dynamic balance providing for the process self-adjustment or stabilization may be maintained in the dual-phase state.

STANDARD 5-4-2. If it is necessary to obtain a strong effect at the system's output, given a weak effect at the input, the transformer substance is placed to a condition close to critical. The energy is stored in the substance, and the input signal acts as a "trigger".

[79] Inventive Principle #36—Phase Transition:  Using the phenomena of phase change (i.e., a change in volume, the liberation or absorption of heat, etc.).  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 289.

[80] STANDARD 1-2-5. If it is necessary to decompose a SFM with a magnetic field, the problem is solved by using physical effects, which are capable of “switching off” ferromagnetic properties of substances, e.g. by demagnetizing during an impact or during heating above Curie point.  Notes: The magnetic field may appear at the right moment if a system of magnets compensating the effect of each other's field is used. When one of the magnets is demagnetized, a magnetic field arises in the system.  Example: During welding, it is difficult to insert a ferromagnetic powder in the welding zone: an electromagnetic field of a welding current makes the particles move away from the welding zone. It is proposed to heat the powders above the Curie point to make them non-magnetic.

[81] Inventive Principle #13—Do It in Reverse:   Instead of the direct action dictated by a problem, implement an opposite action (i.e., cooling instead of heating).  Make the movable part of an object, or outside environment, stationary and stationary part moveable.  Turn an object upside-down.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[82] Inventive Principle #14—Spheroidality:  Replace linear parts with curved parts, flat surfaces with spherical surfaces, and cube shapes with ball shapes.  Use rollers, balls, spirals.  Replace linear motion with rotational motion ; utilize centrifugal force.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[83] Inventive Principle #14—Spheroidality:  Replace linear parts with curved parts, flat surfaces with spherical surfaces, and cube shapes with ball shapes.  Use rollers, balls, spirals.  Replace linear motion with rotational motion ; utilize centrifugal force.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[84] Inventive Principle #13—Do It in Reverse:   Instead of the direct action dictated by a problem, implement an opposite action (i.e., cooling instead of heating).  Make the movable part of an object, or outside environment, stationary and stationary part moveable.  Turn an object upside-down.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[85] Inventive Principle #12—Equipotentiality:  Change the condition of the work in such a way that it will not require lifting or lowering an object.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[86] Inventive Principle #14—Spheroidality:  Replace linear parts with curved parts, flat surfaces with spherical surfaces, and cube shapes with ball shapes.  Use rollers, balls, spirals.  Replace linear motion with rotational motion ; utilize centrifugal force.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[87] Inventive Principle #12—Equipotentiality:  Change the condition of the work in such a way that it will not require lifting or lowering an object.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[88] Inventive Principle #20—Continuity of Useful Action:  Carry out an action without a break. All parts of the objects should constantly operated at full capacity. Remove idle and intermediate motion.  Replace "back-and-forth" motion with a rotating one.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288

[89] Inventive Principle #19—Periodic Action:  Replace a continuous action with a periodic one (impulse).  If the action is already periodic, change its frequency.  Use pauses between impulses to provide additional action.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[90] Inventive Principle #19—Periodic Action:  Replace a continuous action with a periodic one (impulse).  If the action is already periodic, change its frequency.  Use pauses between impulses to provide additional action.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[91] Inventive Principle #10—Prior Action:  Perform required changes to an object completely or partially in advance.  Place objects in advance so that they can go into action immediately from the most convenient location.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[92] Inventive Principle #20—Continuity of Useful Action:  Carry out an action without a break. All parts of the objects should constantly operated at full capacity. Remove idle and intermediate motion.  Replace "back-and-forth" motion with a rotating one.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288

[93] STANDARD 2-3-3. If we are given two incompatible actions, e.g. changing and measuring, one action should be performed during the pauses of another one. In general, pauses in one action should be filled with another useful action.

Example: To provide accuracy of contact welding, measurements are conducted during the pauses between the pulses of an electrical current.

[94] Inventive Principle #19—Periodic Action:  Replace a continuous action with a periodic one (impulse).  If the action is already periodic, change its frequency.  Use pauses between impulses to provide additional action.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[95] Inventive Principle #21—Rushing Through:  Perform harmful and hazardous operations at a very high speed.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[96] This comes from what is sometimes called the STC operator which stands for size, time and cost.  When using this concept, the problem solver considers the possibility that the there is no limit to each of these variables and to consider the problem at the extremes of each.  In this case, we may consider that we have all the time in the world and that the function is performed quite slowly or we have no time and the function must be performed very quickly.  Page 112 of The Innovation Algorithm, Genrich Altshuller.

[97] Inventive Principle #21—Rushing Through:  Perform harmful and hazardous operations at a very high speed.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[98] This method is an adaptation of STANDARD 4-1-3. If a problem involves detection or measurement, and the problem cannot be changed to eliminate the need for measurement, and it is impossible to use copies or pictures, it is proposed to transform this problem into a problem of successive detection of changes.  Notes: Any measurement is conducted with a certain degree of accuracy. Therefore, even if the problem deals with continuous measurement, one can always single out a simple act of measurement that involves two successive detections. This makes the problem much simpler.  Example: To measure a temperature, it is possible to use a material that changes its color depending on the current value of the temperature. Alternatively, several materials can be used to indicate different temperatures..  In this case, we are considering the more general case of useful functions and performing them in discrete steps.

[99] Inventive Principle #1—Segmentation:  Divide an object into independent parts. Make an object sectional (for easy assembly or disassembly).  Increase the degree of an object's segmentation.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 287.

[100] STANDARD 2-2-4. Efficiency of a SFM can be improved by increasing the degree of dynamics of SFM, i.e. by transition to a more flexible, rapidly changing structure of the system.  Notes:  Making a substance dynamic starts with dividing it into two joint-coupled parts and continues along the following line: One joint –-> many joints –->flexible object. A field can be made more dynamic by transition from a permanent field (or of the field together with a substance) to a pulsed field.  Example: A door made of hinged segments -> "Accordion" door ->.

[101] Inventive Principle #18—Mechanical Vibration:  Utilize oscillation.  If oscillation exists, increase its frequency to ultrasonic.  Use the frequency of resonance.  Replace mechanical vibrations with Piezo-vibrations.  Use ultrasonic vibrations in conjunction with an electromagnetic field.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[102] Inventive Principle #19—Periodic Action:  Replace a continuous action with a periodic one (impulse).  If the action is already periodic, change its frequency.  Use pauses between impulses to provide additional action.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[103] STANDARD 2-3-1. Efficiency of a SFM can be improved by matching (or mismatching) the frequency of acting field with the natural frequency of a product (or tool).   Example: 1. The rhythm of massage is synchronized with a pulse of a patient. 2. In arc welding, the frequency of magnetic field is equal to the natural frequency of a melting electrode.

[104] Inventive Principle #18—Mechanical Vibration:  Utilize oscillation.  If oscillation exists, increase its frequency to ultrasonic.  Use the frequency of resonance.  Replace mechanical vibrations with Piezo-vibrations.  Use ultrasonic vibrations in conjunction with an electromagnetic field.  Genrich Altshuller, The Innovation Algorithm page 288.

[105] The graphics shown are similar to Invention Machine software graphics  which are used to describe oscillations..

[106] STANDARD 2-3-2. Efficiency of a complex SFM can be improved by matching (or mismatching) frequencies of the fields being used.

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